Essay on The Internet and A Global Media Market - 1814 Words

To what extent has the internet created a global media market? Use relevant examples to illustrate your points. Media business has gone global under the capital globalization. Most of large media institutions in different countries have moved their steps into the global media market. The emergence of internet accelerates the creation of a global media market. In this essay, the expansion of the internet use in contemporary society and the digitalization of traditional mass media will be briefly introduced in the first and second sections. The third section will examine how the internet helps to produce and access media information globally. Next, the advantage of the internet will be discussed to compare with traditional media. The†¦show more content†¦The internet has created a global media market for both media institutions and media audiences. The internet gathers multi-media technology in a single platform. The digitalization of newspaper is an inevitable trend. Most of the world’s mainstream newspapers have built their on-line websites. More and more people get used of reading newspaper on-line. Many books, especially academic textbooks and scholarly journals are published in the internet, which benefits to scholars and students to do research.. Meanwhile, people can watch television, films and listen to radio in their computers. The internet can digitize a various forms of information like text, sound, images, etc. It combines different modes of media together and provides them in a much wider space (1990, cited in Slevin, 2000, p62-63). Borgman (2003, p.ix) claims that the information in the internet is ‘malleable, mutable and mobile.’ He contends that the networks provides ‘unprecedented access to information resources and to human expertise.’ (Borgman, 2003, p2) The access of media information becomes global through the use of the internet. For media institutions and journalists, the internet helps them to gain information resources more easily and quickly. Time and space are no longer the limitation of international information. International news can be published to the public at substantially the same time in different places. For media audiences, theyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of the Internet and the Global Media Market Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe creation of the internet dawned a new way of life for the world in which we live. The internet defies time and space and helps make communication easier and extremely fast, it also helps with networking and connecting people from all over the world making the global implications of the internet absolutely fascinating. Because of this new wave of technology people across the globe are able to communicate and do business with one another on a completely different level. This essay will seek toRead MoreMedia Convergence : From Mass For Networked Communication1508 Words   |  7 Pages Media convergence: From mass to networked communication Literature Review Media convergence refers to the services and activities emerged through the development of the Internet, where it has allowed for interlink between communication networks and media contents (ALRC, 2015). The establishment of ‘Internet’ has drastically changed the overall communication model in the society in the past 15 years. Where today the communication model has shifted from a mass communication into a networked communicationRead MoreThe Role Of Social Media On The Marketplace Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesencompassing Internet and more recent evolution of Social Media have not only fundamentally changed how corporations communicate internally, but also enabled before unimaginable methods of reaching a global marketplace. Unlike never before, even small businesses are now able to reach beyond their limited local market to a vast consumer base. As previously mentioned in regards to internal communication, the Internet has provided a medium for businesses to instantl y reach a global market. Expanding marketplaceRead MoreThe Global Branding of Stella Artois Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe Global Branding of Stella Artois* Synopsis Interbrew had developed into the worlds fourth largest brewer by acquiring and managing a large portfolio of national and regional beer brands in markets around the world. More recently, senior management had decided to develop one of their premium beers, Stella Artois, as a global brand. This case examines the early stages of Interbrews global branding strategy and tactics, enabling students to consider these concepts in the context of aRead MoreIntroduction Advertisement is a general media which is usually used by many companies to promote900 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Advertisement is a general media which is usually used by many companies to promote their products. It is a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, or event or publicizing a job vacancy. †¢ Advertising is the paid, impersonal, one-way marketing of persuasive information from an identified sponsor disseminated through channels of mass communication to promote the adoption of goods, services or ideas. †¢ By advertising, the product of such companies can beRead MoreUsa Today and Wall Street Journal Swot1643 Words   |  7 PagesCoverage That Does Not Target One Market Segment 6. More Popular in Lower Income Families (under $80,000) 7. Use Of Google Ads 8. Competition From TV and Radio Wall Street Journal Strengths: 1. Cheaper Technological Circulation 2. Globally Reliable Business Source for Relevant Economic Local and International Updates 3. Highest Circulation Nationwide 4. Globally Recognized Source 5. Focus is Primarily on Business, Economics, Stock Market 6. More Popular in Higher IncomeRead MoreCulture Challenge For Global Companies1432 Words   |  6 Pages Culture Challenge for Global Companies Relating to Social Media Tiffany Johnson MSM 6630 Management Information Systems for Leaders Troy University â€Æ' Contents Abstract 1 Introduction to Social Media 2 Social Media Hindrances and Overcoming Barriers 3 References 5 â€Æ' Abstract Social media has had a significant impact on society in the past few years. It provides free communication to family members, old college friends and networking opportunities. Social media is constantly improving,Read MoreWhy Is Medium Is The Massage Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is Medium Message? Marshall McLuhan, a technological determinist, says in his book ‘Medium is the massage’ that the most widespread modern media influence how humans think, act and perceive the world around them. He states that the medium significantly influences the message that people will receive, and thus, the same message is perceived by the same individual in several ways if he receives them in a different way. The expression the medium is the message means that recipient receives messagesRead MoreThe Importance of Globalization1555 Words   |  7 PagesUsing 1997 financial crisis and other examples, discuss how globalization is important to the modern business journalism. Introduction As we know, the Internet has a great contribution to globalisation. At the same time, globalisation shows its impact on economy and culture. Held and McGrew rightly defined globalsation is â€Å"[†¦] a widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporaryRead MoreEssay on Model questions for Global Marketing1523 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Model questions for Global Marketing Outline and discuss the principal causal factors that encourage firms to undertake the international marketing of their products and services. Cultural and political forces influence international marketing activity. Discuss the impact of these forces and illustrate your answers with examples. â€Å"The global competitor will seek to standardise his offering everywhere† (Levitt). Critically evaluate this view with specific reference to a firm’s international

Cell Phones Can Be Dangerous - 2056 Words

Driving can be very dangerous on its own without distractions but when you add driving while using a cell phone in the mix you have the perfect ingredients for a disaster. I believe cell phones are very dangerous while driving by using them for voice and especially texting and should be banned. Some reasons I believe this is when a driver is talking on the phone they are focusing more on the conversation than driving. The second reason is when your texting you are looking down and also not focusing on the road. Lastly cell phones are basically mini computers now and if a driver receives an email and believes that they must answer the email at that time can also cause an accident because they are not focused on the road. In the following†¦show more content†¦For example, a person may be in sales and may have to contact their appointments, basically having an office in the car. Well let’s say they look at their lead that has their customer’s phone number on it which is located on the passenger’s seat, grab it look up and there is a car stopped right in front of them. Well I do not have to go into detail about the outcome. The cell phone is not the direct cause but if they were stopped alongside the road or a rest stop they could have conducted their business and all would have been well. Another incident while using a cell phone while driving and talking such as in a heated conversation or arguing. The driver is focused on their conversation which has their mind on the phone call and they completely forget or don’t even see a red light. One sad thing is these incidents all even using hands free having the wrong conversation may still take your focus off the roa d. Texting and driving has caused many accidents and is up there with drunk driving in causes of accidents. The main reason why is because most cell phones require two hands while texting and it is a law so a driver is trying to keep the phone down out of sight of a police officer. In this situation both hands are off the wheel and they are looking down, not a good combo. The generation of young drivers is theShow MoreRelated Cell Phones And Driving: Dangers Involved with Cell Phone Use While Driving1036 Words   |  5 Pagesoften. Talking on the cell phone and driving has become a very popular thing these days. Technology is coming out with the newest phones that can do everything for you and people are attracted to that. There are people that don’t have hands free and drive their car with only one hand, people that text and totally take their eye off the road and type conversations to each other. Bluetooth is another technological breakthrough where you wear an ear piece and can receive phone calls by one touch ofRead MoreCan Cell Phones Harm our Health? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesIs there dangerous radiation coming from our cell phones? Over the past few years there has been concern about our health when it comes to cell phones. Some people say that cell phones are dangerous because there is harmful radiation coming from them. Others say that cell phones are safe. However, cell phones emit 900-1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields during calls which effects the protein structures in mice and humans (Eid 573). Therefore, cell phones can be dangerous to humans. MostRead MoreCell Phones are Dangerous785 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Cell Phones are dangerous Cell phones have consistently evolved both in function and design ever since Dr.Martin Cooper first invented the wireless handset in 1973. In those days, cell phones were merely used to make calls and store numbers. Contemporarily, the cell phone has evolved into a multifunction device with heterogeneous functions added including video camera, text messenger and so forth. As a result, this has changed in the way people use the cell phone. Despite all the obviousRead MoreUse Of Cell Phones While Driving860 Words   |  4 Pagesheavily on cell phones to perform daily activities. Cell phone are used for phone calls, email, sending text messages, surfing the internet, and performing other tasks. It is unfortunate that many of these daily activities occur while a person is driving. As a result, an increase of accidents and fatalities have occurred because of the use of cellular phones while driving. Using a cell phone while driving is an epidemic that has taken our nation by storm. Most drivers believe they can safely driveRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving: Regulations are Overdue Essays1147 Words   |  5 Pagesto regulate the use of cell phones while driving is imperative because it’s dangerous, and current laws are not sufficient to curb the problem. Mobile phones, now known as cell phones, have been around since the 1940s; however, they did not become main stream until the 1980s. The original mobile phone design was large and bulky, and was only capable of making phone calls. According to the article, â€Å"Cellular Telephone,† â€Å"Modern handheld wireless digital devices (cell phones) typically offer an arrayRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects996 Words   |  4 Pagesone another. Personally, I use my phone probably way more than I should due to all of the cool extra functions it has. It is extremely hard to avoid cell phones in today’s soci ety. However, these cellular devices have a few negatives. The radiation from cell phones and their towers has been linked to causing cancer, they are a huge source of distraction, and these phones can sometimes overheat and catch on fire. To begin, the radiation caused mainly by cell phone towers is becoming huge concernRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Cell Phones on Health1300 Words   |  6 Pages Today’s technologies are advancing at such an astonishing rate. This can make it difficult for even the most avid â€Å"techie† to keep pace. Technology is that wonderful thing that brings comfort and convenience to our lives. But, with that comfort and convenience, there often comes a price; and the technology of the cell phone proves no exception. Arguably, as a communication tool, the cell phone has no equal in how it has changed and affected our lives. Mostly, the effect has been positive inRead MorePersuasive Essay on Cell Phone Driving1100 Words   |  5 Pages The use of cell phones in drivers have been linked too frequently in accidents. There are too many distractions in life as it is, are we so arrogant to think that we are such amazing drivers that we can do several things at once? Most accidents involving cell phones wouldn t have happened if the driver wasn t distracted. When we drive that should be the only activity we are doing. Posted by: Gri5Helpful Report Post Like Reply 0 0 Cell phone usage while drivingRead MoreThe Negative Effect of Cell Phones on Society Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesA cell phone is an electronic device used for the mobile telecommunication i.e. mobile telephony, data transmission and text messaging. It is used over a cellular network of specialized base stations. It differs from cordless telephones, which offers telephony service only within a limited range i.e. within a home or an office. As the time passes it offers more and more advance features. A society is a social, economical or industrial infrastructure, made up of collection of individuals. AlthoughRead MoreRole Of The Phone Addiction Causes Dangerous Actions Involving The Cell Phone1034 Words   |  5 Pageshelpful, but can be dangerous. It is commonly believed that majority of cell phone users, especially smartphone users, are addicted to their phone. The role of the phone addiction causes dangerous actions involving the use of the cell phone. Using a cell phone, especially texting and driving, puts not only the driver but those around in serious danger. Driving is not an instance where multitasking is good. When drivers are trying to multitask by driving and using their cell phones to text

OCD free essay sample

Although they do not want to perform these thoughts their mind overrides the body ND unselfconsciously they do it anyways, like a robot. Obsessions are typically accompanied by intense and uncomfortable feelings such as fear, disgust, doubt, or a feeling that things have to be done in a way that is just right to the person. Some common obsessions in COD are: contamination, losing control, harm, perfectionism, religion obsession, unwanted sexual thoughts, concern with getting a physical illness or disease, superstitious ideas about luck or unlucky numbers, certain colors, etc.Some common compulsive in COD are: washing, cleaning, checking, repeating ,mental review f events to prevent harm, avoiding situation that may trigger ones COD, etc. In the context of COD, obsessions are time consuming and compel a person from being engaged in important activities the person values or even simple ritualistic behaviors. COD can develop depression and can but the body under a lot of stress. We will write a custom essay sample on OCD or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Treating COD is challenging, they can vary for every individual, in some cases, medication can treat the COD but can causes problems in different organs or ligament in a patient.The most effective treatments for COD are Cognitive Behavior Therapy, brain surgery(drilling wrought the skull and using a heated probe to burn an area within a part of the brain,having a 50 percent chance of resolving the issue), gamma knife (a procedure that uses ray pass the skull to destroy the targeted brain tissue). Jennifer is imprison by ritual for over 20 years. She suffers from the compulsive COD of order, repetitive, cleaning and perfection. Simple tasks such as cracking an egg becomes more complex than one can image, it takes her usually an hour to crack and drain the eggs the exact way she wants it to be.She only eats the egg whites and have to start over if the egg yolks get onto the bowl that she pour the egg whites in. When she fails to complete that task she gets overwhelmed frustrated and y ou can see the emotions of sad and anger filled in her eyes as she cries to relieve her pain of failure. She is aware that her COD controls her life and consume a lot of her free time as she states while crying poised off, it takes too much time to do this because of the stupid yolk, Im just frustrated I shouldnt be standing here ,lie should be watching TV or going to bed.Sometime it takes Jennifer 5 hours to get out of her house to go to the gym. Daily house chores become implicated from the severances of her COD. Her daily ritual is making her bed, doing laundry, clean her cat litter box , lint brushing her furniture. On Tuesdays and Thursdays she cleans everything in her kitchen and confirms that she completed her task with her brain. Every Thursday she does the lint brushing then stands and pause for a minute, and replay the action in her head because she doesnt feel like its been done, she knows she done it but she wants to do it again. Jennifer must perform her rituals in a proper order. After her lint rolling tasks, she fixes her TV recording to make sure everything is timed properly, then she checks the mail, drink her protein drink, then she opens up her fridge to see if she has oranges. She must say things she completed in the exact chronological order to make sure she has done it. By doing that she is relieved from her COD. TO her repeated her Steps is like taking a deep breathe. Jennifer COD takes control of her when she is preparing her food. She measures everything that she eats for example eating cereal, she checks the labels of the cereal for the right amount of the serving proportion which is half a cup.She then takes out a measuring cup and pour half a cup of cereal making sure the lining of the cereal does not pass the half of cup mark. If it doesnt feel right she will dump it out and do it again. The next step is the milk, she pours out cup of milk for dinner later on. She makes sure she has a little less than half a cup. She makes sure its not above the half by placing it on the top shelve of her fridge then evaluate by her eye view for a couple of minutes. Then she measure her proportion of her food for dinner. She doesnt like her food to weight no more than 7. So he repeats the process of placing her food on a scale to make sure its the exact weight she needs it to be, if it pass the mark, she dumps out the food until it reaches to 7. 6. Next she drink a full cup of water filled to the top. Then she checks her freezer, fridge, make sure everything is in order after that she looks in the garbage and checks off the last thing she ate. Then she rethinks of what she did the whole day then she is ready to head out to the gym. The moment she steps out of her boundaries she feels out of control. COD puts Jennifer under a lot Of stress and she has a lot of hopeful thoughts Of death.

Importance of Business Correspondence- Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Write a reply in English to a Potential Customers Inquiry 2.Write a short Essay, in English, about your Own Experience and understanding of Business Correspondence, especially relating to International trade. Answers: 1.Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd. No. 8 Xing Guang 5th Street Opto-Mechatronics Industrial Park Zhongguancun Science Technology Area Tongzhou District, Beijing, China- 101111 16 August 2017 Mr. John Doe Sports Equipment Manager HiTech Sports Pvt. Ltd. PO Box 38 Wilston Qld, Australia 4051 Dear Mr. Doe: It is my pleasure to write to you concerning a recent inquiry from your company about the range of products our company could offer. Let me inform you that our company, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd. has facility to deliver products abroad by shipping. Li-Ning produces mainly sports shoes and clothing, badminton, soccer and tennis accessories, socks, caps, bags for men, women and kids. In the shoes category, there are Running Shoes, Basketball Shoes, Wade Shoes, Large Size Shoes, Badminton Shoes, Fitness Yoga Training Shoes, and Outdoor Shoes of different size and color for unisex. These shoes have different features like, Height Increase, Waterproof and Breathable. In the clothing category, there are clothes for running, basketball, badminton, Yoga and outdoor of different size and color for men women and children. In the badminton accessories, there are rackets, strings and shuttlecock. In the soccer accessories, there are football, jersey, jackets and socks. Here is the list of items in our company. We are expecting to start a business deal between us as soon as possible. Please inform me for any further assistance. Thank you in advance for any help you might be able to offer. Sincerely, (Insert your name) Assistant Manager of Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd. 999-999-0112 Hao.shin@lining.com 2.Information exchange for business activity is the main purpose of business correspondence. It follows a specific written format, which happens between organizations or customers and organization or within organizations (Rashid, 2016). I have tried to incorporate the usefulness of business letter and information technology in the area of business correspondence. The main purpose of this essay is to talk about my experience and understanding of business correspondence in relation to international trade. In case of trade and business especially international, the importance of business correspondence is immense. It helps to maintain a good business relationship between two parties. It also establishes a healthy communication among business companies by delivering business letter or correspondence in proper time and maintaining an appropriate tone (Yu Fu, 2014). This communication is fully used for business transaction, which is not restricted to any area or nation. In modern times production happens in one place but consumption spreads everywhere in the world. Especially in case of international trading, the distance between business proprietors and customers is huge and they are unable to contact with each other, thus, there are need to write letters for business transaction (Sankrusme, 2017). It could be a hand written letter, which takes some time to reach to the receiver, otherwise emails are one of the best options in these days as it takes few seconds to deliver. With the assi stance of modern technology like internet, helps to communicate fast and easily. It has transformed the business communication completely into a new paradigm (Yue, 2012). The customer as well as businesspersons could write business correspondence to each other seeking information of the products. The different types of business letters are enquiry letter incorporating detailed description, price, mode of payment and delivery of a product, discounts and offers, order letter for placing an order and complaint letter from the part of the consumers. Another type of business letter is recovery letter written for collecting money from the customers. A two-sided procedure like this enhances business into national and international level in an easy and effective way (Kolin, 2013). Sometimes business correspondence is used to maintain goodwill with the customers. Often, customers send their feedback and suggestion to the businesspersons in reply to a business letter. Sometimes business executives want to inform to the customers about the launch of new product, clearance sale. It even serves as an evidence to keep records of the communication between two parties. Business letters tone should be formal as this serves an official purpose. The language should be precise, clear and simple, accurate, to the point and devoid of any difficult words. It has an accepted format, which is followed universally (Guffey Loewy, 2012). Therefore, from the above discussion it can be summed up that there is considerable importance and usefulness of business correspondence in the business sector, more importantly for conducting the international trade, business correspondence plays a very important role. Day by day, its importance has been increasing as the business sector is growing. Reference list: Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Kolin, P. C. (2013).Successful writing at work. Cengage Learning. Rashid, N. (2016). Business Correspondence. An Introduction. Sankrusme, S. (2017).International Business Correspondence. diplom. de. Yu, Z., Fu, Y. (2014). A Study on the Characteristics and Writing Principles of Business Correspondence. Yue, C. (2012). On the evolution of writing style of business English correspondence [J].Journal of Nanchang College of Education,3, 088.

My Fair Lady Essays - My Fair Lady, Tony Award For Best Musical

My Fair Lady My Fair Lady is a musical comedy written by Bernard Shaw, which is set in England. The story is about Elisa, who spoke very bad English, with a cockney accent, but she wanted to learn how to speak better English, so she went to a phonetics' teacher, Higgins. Elisa was very poor, so she didn't have the money to pay for the lessons. Then Higgins made a bet with Pickering, another phonetics' teacher, that he could pass Elisa of as a duchess. Then after two months they had to put her on proof. She did great. But they didn't give her any credit for her work, only for Higgins' work. So she went out of Higgins' house. But Higgins' missed her. Later Elisa returned and they stayed together. I think the actors are very good. And Audrey Hepburn as Elisa and Rex Harrison as Higgins were perfect. Stanley Holloway as Pickering was very good too. I learnt that you needn't speak perfectly to be a better person. I would recommend this film to people who like musical, because there's too much singing in the film.

The Great War and Modern Memory

The Great War and Modern Memory brought out change to language, literature, and other aspects of cultural memory. The horrible conflicts that were brought out to the 19th century innocence had incubated the irony and pessimism that has influenced 20th century letters, politics, and popular opinion. Paul Fussell examines and analyzes literature, essays, poetry, and letters home. This book is mainly about World War I British literacy, and history. Irony plays a big role in this book, an irony between expectations and reality. Before the war, men could and did believe in gallantry, in battle as a sport and in idealized patriotism. After the thousands of British were killed in only four months time, irony became the dominant literary mode. The main irony in this book was that the population rushed to support the war in order to support these 19th century ideals. These ideals had been shattered in the war that gave birth to the 20th century. The book documents how World War I gave us the standardized form, the wristwatch, daylight savings time, civilian censorship and bureaucratic substitution. This book is about the effects of World War I on human consciousness and attitudes. The author, Paul Fussell, delivers an image to people that the war was reflected in the literature. This book was a critique about many things. One that caught my attention was the argument about the modern distrust of language. He uses Hemingways quote from A Farewell To Arms, where he states abstract words such as glory, honor courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the number of roads, the names of rivers, the number of regiments, and the dates. Before the war no one would have understood this. There were many things in this book that caught my eye. As Fussell has noted "no front-line soldier or officer was without his amulet and every tunic pocket became a reliquary so urgent was the ne...

Marketing 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing 3 - Essay Example This first recommendation makes sure that the product will have the taste and flavour benefits consumers expect of these products so that researchers can understand what portions of the new cola to redevelop or reflavour. This type of preliminary research should be conducted to improve the market availability to the RedBull brand of products and can be conducted with other ongoing integrated communications campaign that are having success. In the current marketing environment, viral marketing represents a low-cost business activity to create buzz about the brand. There is also, as identified earlier in the report, a shifting trend of consumers to favour natural drinks and those that claim natural benefits to health. It is recommended that the company develop a new website which only focuses on these benefits of RedBull products, especially since there is often mixed media reports about the potential health benefits of the brand. Through strategic alliances or other type of partnerships with lifestyle organisations, such as natural foods distributors, agreements can be developed which put RedBull advertisements on favourite UK natural foods-related companies. By linking to other natural foods organisations, RedBull can secure low-cost advertising space, create long-lasting strategic relationships with community or online vendors, and also use the linked website to create informational or humorous videos about the produ ct’s natural benefits. Seeking these partnerships can involve speaking with community distributors of RedBull products or pursuing online consulting meetings with interested parties looking to partner in this fashion with dual advertising campaigns. Because RedBull faces so much competition, both for its current brands on the market and those under consideration for the future, it is important to clearly differentiate the brand from other

Analysis of a real life rhetorical situation Essay

Analysis of a real life rhetorical situation - Essay Example She also pointed out that the baby just needed supervision while playing with her toys making sure that the baby would not put anything in her mouth and would not be climbing furniture. She further reasoned that the baby was also easy to entertain with her blocks and her other toys. I was concerned about watching the baby because I had little experience watching over babies. I did not know how to change a diaper, nor did I know how to feed the baby her formula. I also did not know what to do in case the baby cried. My friend further reassured me that she just changed the baby’s diaper and she also just fed the baby so the baby would not need any changing or feeding in the next two hours. And by then, my friend said she would already be back from her errand. This rhetorical situation that I found myself in mainly involves my friend and her intention or goal to get me to watch her baby for about an hour. Her attitude is earnest as she is posing her request; she is worried about leaving her baby, but she knows she cannot take her baby with her. My friend is a full-time mother and has been married for 3 years now to a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. Her extended family lives in another state and she and her husband moved in next-door about a year ago. She has credibility in her words and her actions because I could see she is distraught and worried about not having enough milk to feed her baby, but she is also concerned enough about my capabilities in caring for her baby. She takes the time to instruct me on what to do and what not to do while caring for the child. As an audience to this rhetorical situation, I am a student who is currently staying, for the weekend, at my parent’s house. My parents are away for th e weekend and I am alone in our house. I have had little experience caring for children as I am an only child and single. I am reasonably convinced that I would be able to watch the baby for about an

Approaches on nursing leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Approaches on nursing leadership - Essay Example Nurse turnover is a situation where registered nurses leave the service prematurely. The reasons for turnover are varied. However, most nurses level the service due to ineffective management and high workloads. In situations of high workloads, nurses tend to seek better opportunities in other professions, and private entities. Many attribute their turnover to poor management that ignore their plight or focus more on the institution rather than the person. Nurse shortage and turnover can be addressed by the manager and nurse leaders. Managers and leaders are best placed to understand the problems and possible solutions to the problems. Managers and leaders can work together to find the causes and lasting solutions to maintain the soundness of healthcare in the next decade. However, there are functional and objectives differences between how manager and leaders approach such issues. The differences and similarities on how nurse leader managers approach the issues are discussed below. Nurse leaders and managers are obligated to show competence in how they handle health-related problems. The role of nurse leaders and nurse managers is to ensure that healthcare runs smoothly by ensuring patients are attended to. In this regard, both are concerned about nurse shortages and turnover. As such, they may approach the issue by allocating resources to higher new nurses and offer a better working condition to retain the existing nurses. However, the groups have different modalities on fulfilling these functions. Managers are more concerned with administrative functions of the health institutions. As such, they work with a budgeted finances and hence act within the confines of the resources that they have (Kelly, 2009). To address nurse shortage, managers are likely to allocate more finances to hiring by cutting down spending on non-essential functions. However, the move is temporary and can be affected

Career Development Essay

Career Development Essay Jump to: Phases of Career Development | Career Development System | Steps for Career Development Plan | How to Create a Career Plan | Career Plan Example | Conclusions and Recommendations INTRODUCTION When we were kids, every one of us where thinking of being something or having specific job in the future. Many of us were thinking to be doctors, teachers, policeman, pilot etc But reaching these positions or got these jobs will not be easy without knowing what are we good at and what are the ears that we want to improve ourselves in. Also if we want to get these jobs or positions we should have goals and we have to work as hard as we can to accomplish these goals. Every one of us should have a career plan in mind when we graduate from universities or collage or even before that when we graduate from high school because having plan is always motivate us to study, work and develop ourselves in order to achieve and accomplish our plan. When we get our first job we should ask for career development plan and it will be much better if we could draw this plan ourselves because we know what our strengths and weakness and we know what are the best trainings and programs we should take in order to improve ourselves. Career development is very important aspect in our working life and personal life. In our working life its important because no one of us wants or wishes to stay and the same job and the same position for ever, without developing or having the career development plan we will not be able to improve ourselves and get promoted. In our personal life it is important to have career development plan we will be able to make our families and friends happy and proud of us because by having the career development plan we will be able to reach our goals that we have always dream of. This paper is talking about the career development and career development plan and how it is important for the employees and the organizations. CAREER DEVELOPMENT Now days there are many people change their careers more than one time in their lives. For these people who change their career for more than three times, they should know and understand the important of the career development. (John Groth) The career development is the formal approach used by the organization to help people acquire the skills and experiences needed to perform current and future jobs. (R. Wayne Mondy) The career development process is the exploring of your skills and what are your strengths and weakness. Career development is also like a plan you design it yourself to help you in advance through your career. (John Groth) The Roles of the Managers and the Employees in the Career Development (R. Wayne Mondy) Managers Appraising the Performance Coaching and Supporting Guiding and Counseling Providing Feedback Supplying Information Employees Self Assessment Gathering Data Setting Goals Working with Supervisor Developing Plan THE THREE STAGES OF THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT: The First Stage is the Bring It on Stage: this is the first stage in the career life. The age of the people in this stage is from the mid 20s to the early 30s. People in this stage of their career development are very active, strong and powerful. They determine to make their mark in the world of work. Most of the people in this stage feel that they are very strong and able to do everything they asked for also they can make what they want to happen. Success and possibilities are unlimited during this stage. (Dan Strakal) The Second Stage is the Realistic Stage: the age of the people in this stage is from the early 30s to mid 40s. During this stage specific values and career realities begin to come out. At the point of the career development, people of this stage feel that the values could create a conflict between choosing priorities in their work life and their home lives. After spending 10 to 15 years in the workforce, people in this stage feel that they might not being able to do what they were planning to at all, because some of them are feeling that they are not controlling their own career destines. (Dan Strakal) The Third Stage is the Reinvention Stage: this is the last stage in the career development. The age of the people in this stage is from the mid 40s to retirement. This stage starts when people began to redefining and reconciling their work life and personal life. People during this stage have learned from many challenges that they were facing in the last pervious stages and this is the best time to be focus in creating a legacy of specific contributions to be remembered for in their careers, their families and their communities. (Dan Strakal) THE ROLES OF THE LEADERS AND MANAGERS DURING THE THREE STAGES OF THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT : They have to find ways to match peoples values, beliefs, and behaviors to projects and tasks. For example it will be great if they assignee people who are in the Bring it on Stage to the tasks or projects which need and required lots of energy. Get the people who are in the Realistic Stage to value added projects or tasks so they can feel engaged and a part of something big and important. For the people who are in the Reinvention Stage, leaders and manager should get them in projects such as monitoring programs, company history initiatives or leadership development programs. (Dan Strakal) Managers and leader should understand the and knowledge the three stages in order to be able to prevent and solve problems and conflicts that may be occur due to career development differences in values and perspectives. (Dan Strakal) The Assessment Phase: Those who think about successful and satisfying career need to understand themselves first. They also need to know how in which way they can perform best at workplace. One of the key factors in career development is job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is at its highest when the job engages the strongest personality qualities of an individual and when the job is in line with individuals values and attitudes. The fit between employee and organization, in terms of organization nature and culture, directly affects employees career development, performance and chances to succeed. Leadership skills are one of the key factors in career development, too. Ability to cope with stress effectively is another important factor in career success. Assessments can help individuals understand their preferred activities, work style, learn best ways of working with others, and manage conflicts. Facilitates the improvement, alignment, and integration of overall organizational effectiveness and capabilitie s . Monitors progress over time . The assessment evaluates organizational approaches (processes), the extent to which they are deployed, evaluated/improved, aligned, and integrated throughout the organization, and their effectiveness at driving organizational results. Organization assessments are used for learning and improvement. Much like an annual health physical, this tool helps managers better understand what is working well and on what they should be focusing their improvement efforts. But the real value of an assessment is its ability to improve performance to improve outcomes and drive tangible organizational results. And a few studies have proven the value of an assessment and systemic management framework. Organizational Assessment Public and private organizations are complex systems of interacting components. In order to properly gauge the organizations performance and its readiness for change, it is critical to engage in an assessment for immediate feedback and understanding of issues such as: Roles and responsibilities Work climate Group dynamics Training needs Culture and norms Team behavior Communications Work processes Organizational Assessment Sequence Organizational Assessment is a systematic procedure to gather information about an organization, diagnose specific challenges, and develop ways to address them. Effective assessment should be seen as a window into the organization, providing insight into critical issues. It is the cornerstone of any transformation process, and provides the basis for determining how an organization will achieve its vision. Readiness for change is a proven and critical measure of success. Assessment is the first step in understanding the complexity of organizations and essential in measuring the conditions that are necessary for successful change. A thorough assessment will assist in developing an effective transformation plan. The information gathered provides the organization with an understanding of its readiness for change, as well as the actions that will be necessary for successful transformation. Organizational Assessments are an excellent first step towards taking action to initiate positive organizational change. Managing organizational change is an important challenge for leaders at all levels today. In assessing the effectiveness of an organization, it is important to first understand its functional purpose . Self Assessment: Self assessment is the first step of the career planning process. During a self assessment you gather information about yourself in order to make an informed career decision. A self assessment should include a look at the following: Values: the things that are important to you, like achievement, status, and autonomy Interests: what you enjoy doing, i.e. playing golf, taking long walks, hanging out with friends Personality: a persons individual traits, motivational drives, needs, and attitudes In addition to determining what youre good at, a skills assessment also helps figure out what we enjoy doing. The direction phase: One of the most critical and important phase in the process of career development for employees in any organization is the direction phase that acts as a golden link between the assessment and development phases since it has two main roles by driving the identified employee to the appropriate path in the career life and provide a chance to improve the quality and options of this path in the future as a development mission. Only specialists have the ability to design the career direction of any employee based on their experience with taking in their consideration different aspects related to the organization and employee needs; in order to satisfy all the needs. At the same time, you as an employee must be honest in order to ensure the successful of the assessment phase and get the right information about yourself, so counselor will be able to select the right career path. The most important tasks carried out by them are: Choosing a major Developing a career plans Planning a job search Changing careers Counselor will have some discussions and meetings in order to show you different options available and suitable for your future. In case if you are not interested in those options for any reasons, other alternatives will be taken in considerations by designing a job research planning. Sometimes employees are working for a long time in the wrong field, but they accept this situation just to get salary and survive in this life. Actually this mistake must be solved by changing the whole career which is the most difficult step because counselor must focus on the behavioral and mentality side of individual. Nowadays, there are many career counseling centers and offices all over the world that provide a service for those who are confused and dont know what kind of career major to select. Today, the most valuable asset for everyone is the information that must be given for those who are looking for career development and job search. It is a complementary activity for setting up the direction process. Different methods and tools can be used to offer this information and training sessions for employees, such as seminars presented by professionals on a broad range of topics of interest to job seekers like (Starting Your Own Business, Working for a Charity). Also, job workshops can be carried out in order to gather the maximum number of people with different culture and knowledge and then divide them into groups to share ideas and points with each other besides learning from other mistakes and experiences. THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE: Introduction: The development phase in the career growth of an employee is a significant milestone to move in an organization. An employee who meets the requirements of career development is more likely to be catapulted to the higher position. This improvement however could not be done overnight because the skills, concepts, and capabilities are enhanced through processes. Discussion: The promotion of a certain individual depends on the success of the development phase. This stage in his life is crucial depending on people and organization that are responsible in preparing him for higher opportunities. These people and organizations that play key roles in shaping the employee to prepare for the new challenging tasks awaiting him on his new position, are either his managers, supervisors or even peer group and affiliated associations. Some of these common development programs offered by organizations are mentoring, coaching, job rotation and tuition assistance. The terms may change interchangeably but the desired objective to develop and mould the employee to the next higher position will help tremendously for the career development of the employee. Famous among the development programs is mentoring. To mentor as Psychology book says is to walk along with the other person. It could happen between a senior and a junior officer, manager and supervisor or supervisor and employee. It can happen also between a person and his peers, his organizations or affiliated association. Mentoring can simply be called advising, role modeling, sharing contacts and giving general support. Mentoring can happen any time during office hours or even outside of the official time. Moreover, it can happen in any levels in the organization. Empirical evidence proves that effective mentoring can improve outcomes such as performance levels, promotion rate, upward mobility, and income and job satisfaction. It can even re-ignite enthusiasm and motivation for those mentees who are about to retire. The most effective mentoring is matching the mentees skills and interests. Furthermore, another study reveals that employees with mentors have achieved greater level of career development. Another concept that is link to mentoring is job shadowing wherein a junior employee observes a more senior employee for a set duration. There are concerns to address in mentoring. Employees who belong to small organizations or individuals who are self employed may find a hard time finding a mentor. However, the solution is for them to affiliate in any organizations or associations that will serve as support system. The next development program is coaching which involves spontaneous meeting between employer and employee to discuss the latter career goals and development. This will enhance productivity and more likely to the managers own advancement. Another program is job rotation which could be an answer for companys downsizing. It gives the employee the opportunity to broaden his knowledge and increase marketability. Job rotation allows employee to work on another jobs and be trained to add more skills on his CV. However, one advantage is the fact that there are employees who by discretion do not want to broaden their horizons for the purpose of mastering own skills and potentials. Conclusion: The tuition assistance Program is another offering in the development program of the organization for his employees. This takes in the form of workshops, seminars, conventions and the like. It could also be in a form of scholarship grant to an individual which is the support of the organization to further the individuals knowledge. All these career development programs may happen simultaneously or it may be conducted one at a time. Not necessarily than an employees undertakes the four programs, but to avail of either one of these, as long as the program is effectively done will ensure promotion for the employee. CAREER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM The career development system is an everyday activity shows how is the organizations needs are linked with the individuals needs so when the employees are satisfy with their career, the organization will achieve its goals and objectives. (Thomas H. Jakel) ORGANIZATIONAL NEEDS What are the organizations major strategic issues over the next two or three years? Critical needs challenges to be faced? Critical skills, knowledge and experiences needed to meet these challenges? Staffing levels required? Does the organization have the strength necessary to meet the critical challenges? ISSUE Are employees developing themselves in a way that links personal effectiveness and satisfaction with the achievement of the organizations strategic objectives? INDIVIDUAL NEEDS How do I find career chances within the organization that will do the following? Use my strength Address my developmental needs Provide challenges Match my interests Match my values Match my personal style (Thomas H. Jakel) HOW CAN MANAGERS SUPPORT THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT There are many way that the managers can use to make their employees to take advantage of career development opportunities. Below are some ways that the managers can use to encourage and support their employees: The managers have to set time to meet with their employees and ask them about their career goals and how they would like to achieve these goals. The conversations should be un formal and friendly and the managers have to show their employees that they are not only supporting their development, but also show them that they are interested on their career goals. (Career Development The Managers Role) The managers have to evaluate their employees performance annually. Also they have to give then feedback and suggestions in how they can develop themselves. (Career Development The Managers Role) Make sure that the job descriptions change based on the talents that people bring to their jobs and projects. (Career Development The Managers Role) Recognize and reward the employees who are doing a good work. (Career Development The Managers Role) Managers have to focus on the development of the person more that improving his/her job performance. (Career Development The Managers Role) Start the employees development programs in a way that help them to establish their goals for their professional development. (Career Development The Managers Role) Make them feel that there are always enough budgets for the trainings programs. (Career Development The Managers Role) THE IMPACT OF THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT The career development could impact of the employees, staff, managers and departments. Impact on the employees: the career development will be very helpful for the employees because they will be able to see the path from one job to another, including the skills and knowledge needed. (Career Development: Impact) Impact on the Managers and the staff: career development will let the staff and managers to have the information and the tools to plan for career development and support succession planning. (Career Development: Impact) Impact on the Department: career development will get the department to have an access to more prepared internal candidates who are prepared for advancement. (Career Development: Impact) CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLAN What is Career Development Plan? Career Development Plan is the most important part of the performance review, and it is identify your strengths and weakness and the area that you need to develop in order to meet you career goals. Creating a career development plan will be very helpful to develop your strategies to take advantage of your chances for your future work. (Career Development Plan) Career Development Plan: it is like a map that shows you where do you have to move in your current career and where or what you want to work in the future. This map will show you how to develop yourself and how you want to provide yourself with the right and the important skills and experiences. It will also help you to find the right ways to achieve your goals and the organization goals and interests at the same time enjoy your work and try to balance between your career and your life. It is very important for the career development plan is to be fixable and it may be changed during your current job. (Career Development) An Individual Development Plan (IDP): it is a progress tool which discovers activities that will help you to improve your knowledge, skills and abilities. The IDP process gives you a chance to share with your supervisor or manager your objectives as well as talk about your strengths and development needs. (Career Development Tool: Career Planning) Since the career development plan includes and talk about your work experiences and your career goals and it could includes the development that needed for your current job, it is always good idea that you use this for moving to a new job as well. When you will start working on your career development plan you have to focus on your current job. Once you feel that you are meeting your current roles expectations then you can start develop plan for you future career. (Career Development Plan) The career development plan includes materials that allow you to think about your personal career development. By creating you personal career development you will be sure that you have all the skills, knowledge and the ability you need to successfully achieve your career goals. (Career Development Plan) You have to share your completed career development plan with your manager to make him/her aware of your career goals and plans. (Career Development Plan) HOW TO CREATE CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLAN: First of all you have to write about your background information. This could be done by doing the self assessment, because by doing the self assessment you will be able to know your strengths and weakness. (Career Development Plan) The First Step: Self Assessment I think that the self assessment is the best thing that everyone has to do before starting to look for a new job or even to move from the current job to another. The most common question that you have to ask yourself about before searching for a job for the first time or moving into a new job is: I dont know what I want to do? The only and the right way to answer your question is to do self assessment this is the tool which can guide you toward the kind of job that is suited you. Self assessment is the way or the process which can you use to gather information about yourself to make the career decision easy for you. (Dawn Rosenberg McKay) The Self Assessment should include the following: Values Interests Personality Skills Values: The values are the things that are very important to you such as the achievements. Values are the most important thing to think about very carefully when you are planning to work for the first time or thinking of moving to a new job, because if you didnt care about your values you will lead yourself to a not good results such as you may doing like your job therefore you will not be able to achieve what you are looking for. (Dawn Rosenberg McKay) Interests: The interests mean the things that you like to do and the things that you dont like to do. Asking yourself this question will help you to see or to know what kinds of works or tasks that you like to do and enjoy working or doing them. (Dawn Rosenberg McKay) Personality: The personality is when you ask yourself about what type of person are you? Do you like thinking, feeling, jugging and perceptive? Do you like to work alone or with a team? These kinds of questions will help you to be successful in your job because you will know what kinds of jobs or tasks that suited your personality. For example if you have an introvert personality you are going to face a lot of problems if you work in a job that requires presentations or public speaking. (Dawn Rosenberg McKay) Skills: You have to look at what are you good at and what are the skills that you have to improve. This is a very important question that you have to ask yourself about in order to find a job that meets all your skills otherwise you will have face obstacles. For example if you get a job that requires using the computer as a major tool and you are not good enough to use it. (Dawn Rosenberg McKay) The most important goals of the Self Assessment are: To enhance the self awareness and confidence of your decisions To know what is your strengths and weakness (The Steps for Self Assessment) Step two: Set your development goals: there are three main reasons of why its important to write or setting you development goals. These reasons are: Setting your development goals cold help to get organized, make big decisions and realize your dreams. Setting your development goals gives you long term vision and short term motivation. This step will help you to understand the direction of your career. When you start writing your development goals you have to start with identifying your development needs. To do this you have to look at the feedback information that you have from your resources such as your manager, team leader and supervisor. Also you have to be aware of the organizations goals and directions and you have to consider the objectives of the team or group that you work with. Writing your development goals will help you to consider your short team goals (1 to 3 year) and your future or long term (3+ years). The short term goals could be much related to your current job or to a position that you are planning to get or reach. Write SMART Goals S: your goals have to be Specific so you know exactly what are you striving and looking for. M: your goals should be Measurable so you can exactly know when the goals have been reached. A: Action oriented to indicate an activity that create and produce results. R: your goals have to be Realistic and can be achieved. T: you have to consider the Time because you have to define the timeline and the availability of the resources. (Career Development Plan) Step Three: Write Your Action Steps: once you are done with writing your development goals you need some directions to follow in order to get, reach and achieve these goals. The creating of the action steps will give you a list of the most important things that you have to do and this list will help you track your progress toward your goals. The Action Step should have three main parts: ACTION: a verb that describe what action you will be taken CONTEXT: when and where will it take place? RESULTS: what will be the result of this action? (Career Development Plan) Step Four: List your Obstacles and Solutions: This step is important to make sure that your career development goals are not sidetracked. It is good to know and consider what are the problems and the obstacles which may stand as barriers in reaching your goals. Also this step will help you to identify and find possible ways to overcome these obstacles and problems. The common problems and obstacles that you may face: Limited time Lack of financial support Lack of feedback, encouragement and motivation Manager is unsupportive of development Some of the potential solutions for such obstacles are: If you cant take more training courses because of your workload, the potential solution for this would be cross training with another team member. If the budget of the trainings is limited, the potential solution for this would be choosing low cost trainings, online learning or reading a book. If your manager does not provide you with feedback, the potential solution would be looking for feedback from other sources such as mentors. (Career Development Plan) Step Five: Identify your Resources: You have to identify what resources are available to successfully achieving your career development goals. You should think about what kinds or types of resources you may need and where they come from. Resources could be anything that supports your development such as: Getting the approval on the trainings and development programs Encouragement and motivation from your manager coach or mentor Support from you manager to work on new projects and tasks Get the time to work on your development Get feedback and advice from people who are skilled on the area you are seeking to develop (Career Development Plan) Step Six: Evaluate your Progress: When you are successful in achieving and meeting your career development goals, you will be able to evaluate your progress. By setting S.M.A.R.T goals will make sure that their achievement can be evaluated. If you thing that its hard to evaluate the goals, it is probably is not meeting one of the S.M.A.R.T guidelines. You have to keep in mind that the career development plan is not a onetime activity, but you have to revises and change your career development plan annually, because your roles and responsibilities are changing you are getting more experiences every year. (Career Development Plan) THE MAIN GOALS OF THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLAN From my respective understanding I can say that the main goals of the career development plan of the individuals are to know where their strengths and weakness are. Also to know where they want to be or what kind of jobs they want to work on in the future. The career development plan will help them to know what are the most useful trainings and courses they should take in order to improve their self in their career. Also they will know what are the most important skills that they should gain for their current job or for the future job? But they have to be aware of the organization goals and objectives so they can align their skills and abilities with the organization objectives and interests. In this case they will be able to impr

Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children(Child Abuse Statistics & Facts). Child abuse doesn’t necessarily have to be physical, it can be mental, emotional, or sexual, it can even be neglect. Abuse doesn’t only effect the child being abused but it also affects the people witnessing the abuse. Child abuse can affect the child in many different ways. There can be many effects of abuse on the child (Kraizer). The worst way the child can be affected is suicide. Every child abuse case is different in its own way. Of course child abuse can lead to problems and suffering, but it's not that simple. Every child will have a different way of dealing with the problem that they think is alright because they have been raised knowing only that. Common effects of child abuse; Nightmares or difficulty sleeping, low self-esteem, antisocial behavior, including rebelliousness or running away, increased hostility or aggression. Feelings of fear, shame, anger, guilt, anxiety, or confusion are often found in a child that is being abused. The child will tend to stay away from other children and play by themselves. A child that is abused will most likely be abused until they are a teenager and will usually find themselves in an abusive relationship later in life, if they’re not being abused they will usually be the abuser. The child will most likely be effected by the abuse their whole lives, and will need therapy in some point in their lives. But most cannot afford it so they live with the thoughts of being abused all their lives. Many people are not aware of the long-term effects abuse can have on a child. Whether a child experiences abused, or witnesses it, the effects often affect the physical, intellectual, and emotional growth of the child. April is Child Abuse Prevention Month (Child Abuse: An American Epidemic). It is a time organizations try to make the public aware that there are children being abused everyday. It is not the only time they make it aware to the public, they do it all year long. During this month organizations try to educate people on how to bring healing to those who are being abused. Infants and toddlers (0 - 2 ½ Years ) have developmental problems. They don’t have much response to chaotic, loud, and harmful environments. Emotional withdra... ...th abuse after it is over is the toughest thing to handle, most people that could afford therapy go to it, but since most people can‘t afford it they try to deal with it the best they can. Although in most cases the child is removed from the home that the abuse is happening in, sometimes child abuse can slip by unnoticed and that can have severe consequences on the child as well as others. Everyone is urged to report child abuse if they suspect it is happening, there are anonymous numbers that you can call to report abuse. In the worst case scenario child abuse can later in life lead to suicide. Work Cited Joseph S. Volpe. â€Å"Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview.† Web. 16 May 2015. http://www.aets.org/arts/art8.htm Sherryll Kraizer. â€Å"Child Abuse: Effects.† Web. 16 May 2015. http://www.safechild.org/childabuse5.htm â€Å"Child Abuse Statistics & Facts† Web. 16 May 2015. https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse-statistics/ â€Å"Social and/or Emotional Effects of Sexual Abuse.† Web. 16 May 2015. http://www.uen.org/utahlink/lp_res/husex091.htm Landau, Elaine. Child Abuse: An American Epidemic. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990

To My Grown Up Son

To My Grown-Up Son or Daughter by Alice E. Chase My hands were busy through the day, I didn’t have much time to play The little games you asked me to, I didn’t have much time for you. I’d wash your clothes; I’d sew and cook, But when you’d bring your picture book And ask me, please, to share your fun, I’d say, â€Å"A little later, hon. † I’d tuck you in all safe at night, And hear your prayers, turn out the light, Then tiptoe softly to the door, I wish I’d stayed a minute more. For life is short, and years rush past, A little boy grows up so fast, No longer is he at your side,His precious secrets to confide. The picture books are put away, There are no children’s games to play, No goodnight kiss, no prayers to hear, That all belongs to yesteryear. My hands once busy, now lie still, The days are long and hard to fill, I wish I could go back and do, The little things you asked me to. To My Grown-Up Mom Your hands we re busy through the day You didn’t have much time to play. The little things I’d ask of you, You took the time to see, to do†¦ You washed my clothes, you’d sew and cook. (The best damn Halloween costumes that town had ever seen, I might add! And when I’d bring my picture book, your dark, thick outlines and perfect strokes had me mesmerized. You tucked me in, all safe at night. Ran your fingers across my temple ’til my eyes shut tight. I do the same for Mika, now. An inherited maternal signature passed on somehow. I wonder, sometimes, if life is really as short as we think it is. I watch the years rush past and don’t have all the answers, yet. But time brings wisdom, wrinkles, and opportunities to learn. I grew out of goodnight kisses and picture books. I can’t hear you creaking across the floor hen I sleep, anymore. No fingers on my temple when I’m tired. My hands are pretty busy, now. Yours are, too. We can’t go ba ck and do the things we used to do. But in this moment I can stop and thank you for your water-soaked raisin fingers (after doing another stack of dishes! ) I can thank you for the Halloween costumes and picture books, the temple rubs and time spent investing in love. I know sometimes it probably wasn’t easy to take and make the time, but every moment counted and I wanted you to know I couldn’t have done it without you.

Do you think that moving abroad for better jobs or study is good. Essays

Do you think that moving abroad for better jobs or study is good. Essays Do you think that moving abroad for better jobs or study is good. Essay Do you think that moving abroad for better jobs or study is good. Essay Although the population of our earth grows tremendously, our world becomes smaller. Threw increasing globalisation countries and nations grow to be more and more integrated culturally, economically, technically. There are diverse international agreements, which support this process. EIJ is an example of a union of countries witch removed most of the political and economical barriers for its citizens to make their free choice for the member country to study or to work in. Its new east European members are those who use this opportunity more frequent. There are everal advantages of studying and working abroad, for single people as well for the countries and the whole world. Firstly, international resources are maintained better this way, knowledge spreads faster, qualification and employability increases all over the world. For example, students from India or China, who study in UK or US, often get much higher level of education than in their home country. Working abroad, they expand their knowledge and skills, which may be useful for their country in case they come back. On the other side, this could become stimuli to the countries to try to mprove their own attractiveness for their citizens, to be more open and free. Secondly, people learn this way to understand each other better. The more international the world is, the less the danger of hostility and new war. It is difficult to shot your former classmates or colleagues. Finally, people from poor or developing counties get a possibility to improve their own lives as well as the lives of their loved. They mostly have access to the educational and health system of the host country. They also have an opportunity to sent money to their loved at home and in the poor ountries this fact could make a significant impact to their economy. On the other side, there are several disadvantages of leaving the country of ones birth. Firstly, moving abroad of gifted, young and strong makes their motherland weaker, as we see on the example of Russia. Moscow University almost lost its world leading school in mathematics and physics in teaching and research. Secondly, since the world becomes more homogenous, the national cultures loose their complexity and depth and sometimes the international features turn to be Just ridicules impoverishment ft he home culture and language. We see this on the example of stupid English neologisms in German and Russian languages. Finally, people who leave their home often experience enormous psychological pressure, loneliness and anxiety, which is a heavy burden oft their freedom. Analyzing both sides of the medal, we see, that moving abroad could be a new chance and new way to self-development, but also a very difficult and challenging decision. Do you think that moving abroad for better jobs or study is good. By lara_in_london

In and On with Time Expressions

In and On with Time Expressions â€Å"In† and â€Å"On† with Time Expressions â€Å"In† and â€Å"On† with Time Expressions By Maeve Maddox Prepositional idioms are tricky in any language. Here are some tips for using in and on with expressions of time. For months, years and long periods like centuries, use in. For days and dates, use on. For precise times use at. Meet me at 8 p.m. The children played at recess. Some common expressions vary the pattern: in the morning, but on Monday morning in the mornings, but on Wednesday mornings in the afternoon but on Sunday afternoon NOTE: Although we say in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening, we say at night. Ex. Milk is delivered in the morning. The stars come out at night. BUT We heard a noise in the night. Some time expressions do not require a preposition: I went to Sicily last May. He’s giving a speech next Friday. My children visit every Thanksgiving. What are you doing this afternoon? Talking about the weekend admits of variation: Do you work weekends? Do you work on the weekend? (American usage) Do you work at the weekend? (British usage) BBC Learning English on, in and at with time expressions. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsUse a Dash for Number Ranges50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Diversity and Equality in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

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"Policy Improvements" Coursework 9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Compare a success project with a fail project Essay

Compare a success project with a fail project - Essay Example most Hong Kong citizens use this as their main mode of transport, with the trains making over 5 million rounds every working day (Mass Transit Railways 2014). The trains have specific times for each destination, which they keep no matter what because it is a part of MTR’s objectives and initiatives too. As of last year, Mass Transit Railway owned half of the public transport market share, ranking it as the top means of transport preference in Hong Kong. Unlike most of the train systems in other countries, MTR integrates the Octopus technology enabling people to pay their fares using the master cards; significantly, this has been in place since 1997 and it is one of the facilitators of the system’s success because travelling is easier with it. Essentially, a research by the Hong Kong government prompted the production of the Mass Transit Railway; typically, the research basis was the increasing problems caused by road jams because of the countries rapidly growing economy. The first construction began immediately after the government released the study and around ten years later, there was the launching of the first track (MTR Corporation 2004). Due to the multiple cases of road congestions, most of the citizens immediately switched to the trains as modes of transport. Appreciably, since then, there have been more consequent lines built, aiming to cover more land and areas with the highest populations. Through the journey, the government has faced challenges based on areas to expand the network and what strategies to apply; however, it is among the most successful railway projects in the world today, especially because it covers a very wide area moving even into China’s main land. The Miami Metrorail, also referred to as The Metro, is also a large railway transport system that covers parts of Florida, the United States and a bigger part of Miami. Miami Dade Transit governs and oversees every operation of The Metro; moreover, it is one of the core agencies of

Intro to Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Intro to Linguistics Essay The study of human languages; including the influence of one language on another; how language and words are formed and change within time; the rules of the language- how words are formed, the structure of sentences and words; relationship between culture and language; how language is acquired- the process of language acquisition (foreigner verses mother tongue language). There are two approaches/types of linguistics: 1. Traditional Linguistics- the only field that ruled until the 20 century. 2. Modern Linguistics Traditional Linguistics. Characteristics: 1. Proscriptive approach- according to this approach, linguists tell native speakers how to use their own mother tongue- what are the rules: set norms of/ dictating the right use of the language, the rules and the right use of the language- educating the native speakers. The goal is to tell the speakers what is considered right or wrong language. 2. Focus on the written language- Most of the focus is on the written text, which is considered superior to the spoken language; the base of the rules. 3. Diachronic Research (etymology) Historical research- the study of the origins of words and languages, which reveals many connections between different languages. Due to technological developments, the influence of one language on another is even higher these days. Modern Linguistics At the beginning of the 20 century, there was a shift of interest to the following: The human languages are more complex and highly different than animal communication systems- due to amazing cognitive human communication ability (the language faculty). A known Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Sassure- the first linguist to pose the following question: what do we know when we know a language (mother tongue)? By asking this question the focus of linguistics was shifted from grammar to the study of human language as a cognitive ability (cognitive science). The focus shifted to Language faculty ( ) and what it consists of. Characteristics: 1. Descriptive approach- we observe native speakers use the language, both in writing and in speaking, and try to draw conclusions out of it- learn about the changes that the language undergoes through time. Not interested in what should be, but rather in what IS. There is no judgment of the use, just observation and description of the current use, in order to analyze and find correlations. 2. Focus is on the spoken language- point of departure is that the spoken language is more important to the research because of the following: * It is less conscious, more natural, spontaneous and dynamic and therefore it reflects better the current use of the language. * Not all languages have a written system, but everyone has at least one mother tongue language. * The written language is less natural- one needs to study it in a very logical way; whereas the spoken language –mother tongue is acquired in a natural process, common to everyone (normally in the early years of 3-4). 3. Synchronic Research (current) the focus is not on the origin/History of the words; but on the current use of the words today. We are less interested in what happened; but rather in what is happening today. Knowing The whereas knowing about! 07/11/11 Linguistic Fields 1. Phonetics- the study of linguistic sounds (also called phones) which are consisted of consonants and vowels. The focus is on the articulation and pronunciation of sounds (independent of the letters/ graphics). How the sound is produced. It is independent of the letters (which is just the graphics). How we produce and perceive sounds. 2. Phonology- deals with sounds in interaction, and when they are brought together into words- they usually affect each other. Cats(s), dogs(z)- something very systematic- ( )) 3. Morphology- examines words structure, and the ways words are added into our vocabulary, i. e. how we form new words. Ex- dis/content/ed/ness (the parts are also called Morphemes- small units of words) 4. Syntax- deals with sentence structure and the meaning of sentences. We also examine differences between languages- the order of verb and its subject, adj, nouns etc. In addition, we examine Syntaxic Processing , for example: Without her contributions/ are hard to find. At first glance- it looks like something is missing in the sentence, when actually we did not process it in the right way- we can look at the sentence as: without her, contributions are hard to find. 5. Semantics- the study of meaning- both of words and sentences, and the logic behind them. 6. Pragmatics –deals with meaning in context- how we understand one another beyond what is actually said (the use of the language). For example: do you have the time? – One wont answer: yes; but rather tell the person what time it is. Not like the dry literate meaning, Pragmatics deal with the actual use of language – meaning in context- beyond the literate words that were actually said. 2 - : * 6 ( = 6 ) * 6 ( = ! ) 7. Discourse Analysis- Like Pragmatics, this also examines the use of language, but the focus is on the text. Written vs. spoken text; Narratives vs. expository text; the use of conjunctions; types of text; different tenses; complex vs. simple sentences; the length of sentences; vocabulary etc. 8. Language acquisition- we examine the process of acquiring a language- mother tongue and then foreign languages. How children acquire their mother tongue so quickly? How does the process happen? Which words are produced first etc. It is related to all the other fields mentioned above. 9. Neuro Linguistic- examines how linguistic knowledge is represented in the brain. For example: aphasia- brain injury that affects the part of the brain that understands linguistics. 10. Psycho Linguistic- a very big field that examines the correlation between language and psychological cognitive processes (for example: lexical retrieval). Sometimes one meaning of a word is more prominent than the other, depending on the context. For example: bug- insect/ computer related problem. The field also examines what happens when there is no context- how we associate between words and its meanings. For example: word priming- Duck-(goose/ book)- the word duck primes with goose, faster than with the word book. 11. Historical Linguistics- examines the evolution of languages, the origin of words, and the relation between languages- how they genetically related to one another (Etymology). 12. Computational Linguistics-deals with building artificial intelligence, creating models that try to imitate how language works and use it in different applications. Related to the implementation of linguistics. Information extraction, more practical. (for example: Google translate). 13. Clinical linguistics ( )- the use of linguistic tools for speech therapy, for people who have language disorders (both kids and adults). 14. Social Linguistics- the field that examines the interaction between language and society (socio economic and cultural factors). Socio-linguistics We distinguish between dialects- different varieties of the same language, as a result of many factors. Types of Dialects- 1. Geographic Dialect-changes according to region (city, country). In the states there are so many different dialects, depending on the area one grew up in. 2. Sociolect-typical for a certain group in the society, which has its own social, economic and cultural characteristics. 3. Idiolect-dialect that is typical to an individual. It is sometimes gradual, and we dont always notice it. Usually bases on imitation. Each of us speaks a little bit differently (intonation, pronunciation, vocabulary etc). 21/11/11 Linguistic knowledge- every 4-5 year old can speak the mother tongue language. Where does the ability to understand and speak a language comes from? The 2 opposed approaches argue on the source of that ability/knowledge Is it innate (genes) or acquired (comes from the environment, stimulates, feedback)? Two opposed currents in science, which have great debate on the nature of human knowledge in general. They argue on the source of the human knowledge: 1. Empiricism (John lock; Hume) -every person comes to the world, as a clean slate- have no knowledge, which means that human knowledge equals the sum of experiences. Nothing is innate, we are only equipped with the ability to respond. Everyone are born equal- with nothing innate. This means humans can be shaped- their thought can be manipulated using feedback and exposure. 2. Rationalism (Decardes)-claim that human knowledge does not equal the sum of experiences: we are born with some innate material- we are equipped with some ability, to which experience is added. Experience is not the only thing! All people are equal, but this equality is based on richness- we all share something very basic and innate, to which environment is added. At the beginning of the second half of the 20 century, the argument of human knowledge continued with regards to the human language – mother tongue (different theories): Behaviorism- As continuance of Empiricism- there was a current called Behaviorism (BF Skinner, wrote the Verbal Behavior, 1957). B. F. Skinner claimed, based on Empiricism, that Linguistic knowledge is based solely on exposure and the ability to react- to learn from experience. That means everything is acquired, nothing is in the Genes. Skinner also claimed we expand our sets of sentences, by analogy (differ in only one thing- thus it is able to expand ones use with the other). For example: a kid only heard John ate an apple- but he will be able to create the following sentence: John ate an Orange; using Analogy. This means, we learn and use language, by: exposure +analogy. - In the following sentences, configuration of who does what changes (relationships between the entities) when changing the word told to promise and still, it is automatically understood by a child in his mother tongue: John told bill to clean the room; John promised Bill to clean the room. How? -analogy is not enough to explain the above. - Noam Chomsky (Influenced from Rationalism; wrote the Syntactic Structures, 1957) -a linguistic who argued against Skinners observations, claiming Analogy is not enough; and we have to assume inborn/innate linguistic knowledge, common to all human beings (regardless of their language or culture), which is also known as the Hypothesis of innateness. The experience and the feedback are mapped on to these language biological properties (encoded in our genes). The experience and feedback are not enough to explain mother tongue knowledge! We have to add it to something innate. Language is partially innate! Evidence Chomsky proposed to enforce his theory: 1. Properties of human languages (natural languages, animals communication systems are excluded)- * Homogeneity- except for pathological cases, all human beings acquire at least one mother tongue; more or less at the same time; regardless of their region, culture, socio-economical condition etc. This implies there is something biological in the acquiring of a mother tongue language- we are all the same. * Infiniteness- language is infinite- we have the ability to produce and understand an endless number of sentences, including sentences that we have never heard before. We have the ability to expand the language (for example- we never count to 1,000,000 but we can). * Identical properties across languages- there are some properties that all languages share (therefore- it has to be in the genes, otherwise – how can it be explained? ). For example: * All languages have nouns and verbs –thus, it has to be some inborn categories. * Universal grammer rules/structures, that all languages share: * John said that Mary bought a car. What did John say Mary bought? * Bill said that John said that Mary bought a car. What did Bill say that John said that Mary bought? * John spread the rumor that Mary bought a car. What did John spread the rumor that Mary bought? Ungrammatical sentence- any speaker will know this sentence is ungrammatical- impossible in English. What prevents speakers of using the above structure intuitively (in other languages as well)? Chomsky claimed that there are universal constraints (in all grammer of all languages) that prevent it. 28/11/11 2. Properties of the process of language acquisition (mother tongue) * Process is quick and efficient- child has to acquire a very complex system of rules, and he does it by the age of 4-5. By the age of 5 he already masters the language (in comparison to the long and complex process of learning a foreigner language). It shows that there is something innate behind it, otherwise- it would have been a quick process also when learning foreigner language. * Critical period/age- there is a certain age in which the child must be exposed to a language (the innate system has to be stimulated, activated), in order to acquire it- the age is usually around 6-8, and in some extreme cases it can go until adolescence (16). If it was not activated during the critical period, the child will have no mother tongue- he will have no grammer. He will be able to communicate in a basic function, but without the richness and infinity of the mother tongue acquisition, since the brain is no longer elastic enough to acquire a mother tongue. The issue of critical period provides support for the importance of both exposer and innate theories. Chomsky agrees that exposer is crucial, but it is crucial to activate innate abilities. If it was only exposer – it would have been possible to acquire a mother tongue at any age. * Process is spontaneous/ immune against external interference- the process happens by itself and the teacher/ parent cannot manipulate it. MCNeal (1964)-research that shows you cannot manipulate childs grammer, it will eventually change by itself with exposer. * Identical stages across languages- children acquire their mother tongue in parallel stages across linguistics, more or less at the same time, regardless of the language. This shows that there is some biological aspect to the process of mother tongue acquisition we have to assume something innate in order for the process to be so universal. (First they babble, then acquire first words, combining 2 words together, then start using sentences). * Poverty of stimuli- stimuli(the input) is poor- it is not enough to explain completely how a child acquires and masters his mother tongue: a. The stimuli is partial and consists of errors- the child can never be exposed to everything, still he makes up sentences he has never heard before. What he is exposed to is limited, yet what he can produce is endless. In addition, the stimuli consist of errors- he child doesnt always listen to complete/ grammatical correct sentences: the input he hears consists of partial sentences and grammatical errors; yet the children know how to filter the errors and eventually acquire a perfect grammer. b. There is no teaching- the process of acquiring a mother tongue involves no methodological and pedagogical process (in regard to grammer). c. No negative evidence- there are mistakes that no child will ever make, even though he is not told ahead not to make them. For example: John thinks he is smart (he can be either John or somebody else) VS. He thinks John is smart (he can never refer to John). When examining language acquisition, we see children making many mistakes, but no child will ever use the second sentence when he wants to refer to John. No child will make such mistakes to begin with- they just know, without being told ahead. De Sassure was the first one to ask what do we know when we know a language? What does it mean to know a language? He distinguished between the following terms: * Langue-the rules of the language, that are agreed upon by some society. The rules of a language, but from a social point of view (a social term). * Parole-everything we use or say- the way we actually use the language (What we actually do, language wise). Linguists are generally more interested in the Langue (the knowledge). De Sassure didnt relate to the question of innateness- what abilities, if any, we have in our minds†¦ 12/12/11 Noam Chomsky used 2 other terms: Competence vs. Performance. 1. Performance: the same as Parole: performance is how we actually use the language: what we actually write or say. 2. Competence: is not exactly the same as Langue. Both relate to the rules of the language, but Langue is about the society, the community (grammer is something social, that we all agree on- social interaction creating social agreement) and Competence is about the individual (the system one has in his mind: some of it comes from the genes and some from the environment). Competence is the ability that each of us has to produce and understand an endless number of sentences. Every speaker of every language, has the ability (whether it is innate or not). The point of view of Chomsky and De Sassure is different when relating to the rules of the language. In modern linguistics- the focus is on the Langue- competence and not directly what we say/do with the language (the main goal is to crack the black box and understand how the system works). The performance is the mean to learn about the competence, not the direct end. It teaches us/indicates about the competence: the way we speak or write tells us about how the knowledge is organized in ones mind. The main question that linguists ask is: what does competence consist of? Chomskys Model: UG+EXPOSER= G. Chomsky assumes innateness and that language faculty is to some extent universal (some things are common to all languages). He Offers a SPECIFIC model for this question: When a child is born he is in the initial state. In this state, he has some specific knowledge, shared by all languages: Universal Grammer (UG) it is the grammer that is common to all languages. In addition to the difference in vocabulary, there are grammatical differences between languages: by the end of the critical period, he has more than the UG, he ends up with Particular Grammer (PG, G)- specific grammer of a specific language. There are many Gs, as many as the number of languages in the world. A child is equipped with universal grammer, common to all languages, and during the first years he is exposed to his mother tongue and how it takes place (feedback, corrections, mistakes etc)- and acquires particular/specific grammer. UG+EXPOSER= G. The G is a combination of something innate and something that comes from the environment. What does the UG consist of? According to Chomskys model, UG consists of two things: 1. Principles- rules that are innate and that are common to all languages (things that dont change at all from one language to another, such as: the existence of nasal consonants). 2. Parameters- those are also rules that are innate, and are also part of universal grammer; but in contrast to principals, these are open rules, whose values (fillings) are acquired during the exposer. The values are not common to different languages, Thus they have to be acquired via exposer. For example: in all language there is a subject in every sentence; but in some languages the subject must be a separate entity- which means the subject position is always occupied vs. in some languages the subject can be dropped (English does not allow the dropping of a subject: cant say ate an apple. We must add a subject; vs. Hebrew- represents the subject. In the French language, we are not allowed to drop the subject, even when it is known who did the action: Jai mange la pomme- the French ai is like the Hebrew , yet we still cannot drop the J: we have to have a separate entity for the subject). This parameter is called the Null subject parameter ( )- The Parameter: the subject must be pronounced separately; The Values of the Parameter: (that has to be filled- determined through the acquisition process) Yes or No. In Hebrew and Italian the value is no (in some cases, we can have a sentence without a subject), in English and French the value is Yes. During the critical period, the child is exposed to the data in his mother tongue and they acquire the values to the fixed parameters (the parameter is innate, its values though are not innate- they change from language to language and acquired in the childs critical period). Another Parameter is: * It is hot outside- * It seems that Marry is late- * There is a cat in the room- In English the occurrence of the pronouns (functioning as the sentences subject) it and there is a must: they cannot be dropped (it is not grammatical, although one will be perfectly understood if hell say it); in Hebrew, we can drop them. Even though semantically we dont need the subject, in English it must be filled. These pronouns are called: Expletive / Pleonastic Pronouns- pronouns that do not refer to an entity, but theyre only function is to fill the subject position. They HAVE NO SEMANTIC ROLE, THEY ARE ONLY THERE TO FILL THE POSTION OF THE SUBJECT. We distinguish between pleonastic pronouns and referential pronouns, which refer to some kind of entity (he, she, w, they etc). It and There are not always expletive pronouns- they can also function as referential pronouns: It is hot outside (expletive) vs. I cant eat the soup, (referential); the cat is there (referential) vs. there is a cat in the room (expletive). We can relate to it as two parameters: 1. Parameter: an expletive pronoun exists; values: yes/no. (In English- yes, in Hebrew- no). 2. Parameter: a subject is a must; values: yes/no. (We can say that if a language must have a subject, it will necessary have Expletive pronouns; and vice versa: If the subject is not a must- there are no expletive pronouns. there might be, but they will not be a must). The two things come together- * Cluster of properties- The Parameters come in clusters- one affects/ can teach about the other. The existence of Principles and Parameters strengthens the hypothesis of innateness, because it shows the occurrence of certain grammer structures is not random- there is something consistent across different languages, which therefore must be predetermined, innate. 19/12/11 Some languages require an independent subject and in addition- they have expletive pronouns (it seems that the quiz will be difficult- expletive; this soup is not tasty because it is cold. The it is referential- points to an entity). Proposition Stranding and Pied Piping Who did you speak to? can also be asked as followed: To whom did you speak? - These are two possible grammatical structures that manifest the same idea. It is not possible in Hebrew: : : This construction is called- Preposition Stranding- you desert the proposition by itself: leaving the proposition by itself at the end of the sentence. It can be viewed as a parameter, differentiating languages. Another construction/parameter is: Pied Piping- locating the proposition at the beginning of the sentence. This parameter is valued yes in both English and Hebrew (allowed in both languages). Material for the quiz is up to here! - Phonetics and Phonology- These are both fields that deal with sound and specifically linguistic sounds (phones- ) sounds that are parts of a language. Phones are divided into: consonants (b, l, r, m†¦) and vowels (e, a, i ). The differentiation doesnt refer to the letters, but to the sounds that are used naturally/ automatically. (Since the same sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters, for example: the sound K- is represented by 4 letters: k, c, q, ch. We will refer to all 4 as K). In Phonetics- Different sounds are examined in different languages: how they are produced and how they are perceived- it is a technical field regarding how pronunciation works. One sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters or one letter u represents many sounds: university, fur, put, cut etc. Conclusion: there is no correspondence between sound and symbol. Phonetic systems (systems of symbols- used for transcription- write exactly as you here it- distinguish between spelling and pronunciation) 1. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – a system of symbols, used mainly by linguists, in which every sound corresponds to one symbol and vice versa. 2. American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) similar, yet competing system to the IPA. These are two similar, yet competing, artificial languages/ systems, dealing with the ambiguity of the languages/ with the lack of correspondence between sound and symbol. Both systems are based on English letters, other than special sounds/exceptions (that have no one specific letter in English that prescribe them) such as: * in order to indicate/transcribe sh we use: stretched big s (IPA) or s^(APA)- (the ^ should be upside down) * ch= t+stretched big S with a bow on top of them (IPA) or c^ (APA) * for th (such as in thin) = 0 with a line across it (APA+IPA) 26/12/11 A minimal pair- * big- pig * sing- sang. * dean- teen (The only difference is the phone- t vs d. The spelling is irrelevant) * knight- light These words are different in meaning, yet they are different in only one sound. The switch of the consonant g/ p changes the meaning of the word. This kind of word pairs are called minimal pair-a pair of words that differ from one another in meaning and in one phone (sound) only. (Only one difference in pronunciation- the spelling is irrelevant) * night- knight : are not a minimal pair, because there is no difference in pronunciation. Phoneme- Phoneme- a minimal linguistic unit that can change the meaning. One of the goals of recognizing minimal pairs is to recognize the basic sounds in a language, that can cause a change of meaning. We use the tool of minimal pairs to identify and distinguish between the Phonemes of a language. Aspirated consonant ( ) * Spy vs. pie- when we pronounce pie, there is a greater puff of air when pronounced. This is also the case in: stole vs. tall (in tall we puff much more air). These are aspirated consonants, which are marked with a little h on top of the consonant. They are two types for the same consonant- the regular and the aspirated one, where we puff a greater amount of air (pie; tall). Are the aspirated consonants phonemes? (Can they distinguish between a minimal pair? -can we find a pair of words that the only difference between them is aspirated consonant vs. non-aspirated). In English, there is no such pair; yet in the Hindi language we can find several examples. Conclusions: 1. In English, they are not phonemes (vs. Hindi), because they can never occur in the same environment/location of the word, which means they are 2 manifestations/versions of the same thing. We can predict in which environment/ when the aspirated consonant will occur. 2. Minimal pairs are used to distinguish between phonemes and also to determine which consonants and vowel are not phonemes. 2/1/2012 Pig – big (minimal pair) vs. Pie, spy (not a minimal pair since there are 2 differences in pound). In English, aspirated and regular – Complementary Distribution- these two sounds never occur at the same environment/ same location of the words, which means they are two manifestations of the same thing – of the phone p. This means P is the phoneme which has two manifestations: aspirated and regular (non-aspirated). This means that this phone has two allophones. Two ways of language representation- 1. Phonemes- the general term for linguistics sounds. These are the basic sounds of a language, and are language specific (are not the same in different languages). They are part of the Underlying Representation (UR): the way and the place words and sounds in specific, are represented in our mind- in the backstage- abstract representation. The phoneme has two manifestations: one is the actual p and the other is the aspirated one. 2. What we actually say are allophones. Allophones are in the Phonetic/ Representation (PR) what comes out of our mouths (articulation). Every phoneme is also an allophone, but not the other way around! Thus, there are some things that are represented in the PR, yet are not represented in the UR (like the aspirated p). In the Ur we have the regular P phoneme, which has two manifestations in the PR: In English, the only case we see an aspirated P is in the beginning of a word and before a vowel (both must occur together). In all other case the P will not be aspirated. For example: Possible, put, pink, pan, etc. vs. apply, spring, play etc. This means the aspirated P has no independence existence- we can predict its occurrence. The default is the regular P and only in a specific environment will have an aspirated P. The aspirated P doesnt exist in the UR! Another example is: regular N vs. the back N: They cannot distinguish between minimal pairs in English- will never occur in the same environment. We will find the back n only before the sounds k and g- in specific environment, which is predictable. For ex: bank, Bangkok, rank, chunk, rang, ring, thanks, bring. The normal N is the default – will occur everywhere else, except for before the sounds: g and k sounds. These two allophones are two versions of the same thing (of the one phoneme) that never occur in the same environment- complementary distribution. N is the phoneme, which has two allophones: n and back n. We can predict exactly where each of the manifestations will occur. * The phoneme is in the UR and the allophones are in the PR. * The default is always in the UR! – The phoneme. * The allophones are always in complementary distribution- meaning they never occur in the same environment and will never distinguish between minimal pairs. You can nver find in English 2 words where the only difference between them will be n and back n. * Minimal pairs are the tools to identify phonemes. Distinctive Features 1. Aspiration The pair pal- pal (with aspirated p) in Hindi – these two words are different in meaning and in one phone only. In specific, they are different in one feature only: aspirated vs. non-aspirated. This means, they constitute a minimal pair (In Hindi). Aspiration – this feature in Hindi unlike the English, we have both – because they have independent existence- each of them is a phoneme on its own. Aspiration – this feature in Hindi, unlike English, is a Distinctive Feature- a feature that distinguishes between 2 phonemes in the same language and as a result it can create a difference between minimal pairs. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in Hebrew and English. It is a distinctive feature in Hindi language. 2. Voicing ( )- Dean – Teen: d- Is a voice (+voice) consonant ( ) and t is voiceless (- voice). This feature, called voicing, creates different meaning in both words. Thus, it is a distinctive feature in English, because it can distinguish between minimal pairs. Minimal pair- a minimal pair is a pair of words that differ from one another in one meaning, 1 phone (sound) only, and the 2 phones must be different in one feature! 9/1/2012 Phonetic features of consonants- What makes sound/phones different from one another? Linguistic sounds are called phones, and are divided into: consonants and vowels. The difference between the two: in the production of vowels the air flows freely, however in the production of consonants the air is blocked to some extent. The speech organs- body organs that are involved in the production of phones (Lips, tongue, nose, teeth, and palate). Generally, the following are involved: the oral cavity and the nasal cavity ( ). The consonants differ from one another according to 3 criteria: 1. Place of articulation- the location in which the air is blocked and the consonant is produced (B- in the lips; T- in the tongue; P-in the lips and teeth) 2. Manner of articulation ( ) relates to the manner of the air flow and the degree of blocking. For example: n- blocked in the nose. 3. Voicing- relates to the vibration/ the lack of vibrat.