Is Unbridled Freedom A Myth Or Reality Education Essay

Is Unbridled Freedom A Myth Or Reality Education Essay Freedom has been an object of study and discussion since antiquity. The definition, extent and implications of the idea of human freedom have been discussed in disciplines ranging from the arts, humanities and even the sciences. Freedom has been variously defined by many people. These definitions can be broadly classified into 2 categories for simplicity.  [1]   External Freedoms These include Legal and human rights that are conferred on human beings from the outside. These are circumstantial in nature. Their absence, misuse or withdrawal can be clearly seen and is usually protested against. These include freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, Freedom from want, Freedom from fear, freedom of association, freedom of thought, etc. Internal Freedoms These are more Metaphysical in nature. Internal freedoms concern our inner mechanisms, thought- processes and the freedom to self-determination. These are less obviously visible, more complex and have far reaching consequences for our powers of decision making, judging accountability and responsibility. It is these internal freedoms that are the subject of interest for students of psychology and for those interested in understanding human behavior. The most contentious issue has been whether human beings can be free at all. Is Unbridled Human freedom a myth? Are we always constrained by internal and external forces that shape our ideas and beliefs or does each individual have some autonomy to make his/her own decisions? Generally speaking, the disparate views on this issue fall into three main categories  [2]   The Deterministic View The Libertarian View The Compatibilist Approach The first two approaches agree that both freedom and natural causality cannot exist simultaneously. However, they derive two opposite conclusions from this incompatibility. The deterministic approach asserts that there is no possibility of freedom. Thought, action, events are already decided and human choices are severely constrained by events beyond our control. The idea of freedom is hence an illusion. The libertarian approach says the exact opposite. Inspired by modern, rationalist school of thought, it concludes that human beings have unlimited choices and are absolutely free to pick and choose, to think and to act, keeping in mind physical limitations. . These choices may be influenced by certain factors, but these decisions have the power to change the direction of natural events. The third approach is therefore called the compatibilist position. Some actions are free, while others are reflexive. Freedom and free will is understood as a part of the workings of the human brain. A person is responsible for an action when this action results from a conscious intention. To be responsible for an action is not to be ultimately responsible for it, in the sense of also being responsible for all the events in the causal chains that led to the existence of the conscious intention that determined the action. In this project, we will be taking the third position. We will attempt to show, by taking some examples relevant to our lives, that unbridled freedom is indeed a myth. Further, we propose that unbridled freedom is not an ideal to be cherished either. There are certain limits to the freedom that one person can enjoy, without trespassing on the freedoms of others or spreading chaos and disturbance in society. It is desirable to have some restrictions that enable us to live in society and differentiate us from animals. The first restriction that human beings face in the exercise of unlimited freedom is the constraints put upon us by society. Human beings are social animals that have agreed to give up certain rights and freedoms in order to gain the benefits of living in society. This has been explained by various social theorists under the idea of the Social Contract.  [1]   Living within society, human beings are influenced by three types of factors.  [2]   The genetic factors The way they are activated Interaction between inner potential and outer surroundings The first factor talks of our inheritance from society and parents. Both in terms of genetic material passed down to the next generation, as well as the collective social conscience, which is a determinate system of ideas and beliefs which creates social likeness among all members of society  [1]  . The second factor consists of inner characteristics inherited from our parents as they are expressed in us. Some are recessive, some are dominant, but both types play a role in determining who we are. The third factor brings in the importance of the interaction with society from birth, that moulds and shapes our personality in millions of imperceptible ways. The third factor is considered to be the most relevant and potent since its influence begins the moment we are born and serves to shape and mould the ideas generated through the first and second factors. Society is always present, both inside and outside us. It guides our behaviours, determines the range of our choices and influences our decision making process. Most of the time, we are unaware of this situation. Many times, we do not mind this intrusion. because most of the time we ourselves desire just that which society expects of us. We want to obey the rules. We want the parts that society has assigned to us  [2]   This is evident in the way that advertisements  [3]  , for example shape our choices. Individuals are often attracted to products that they may not otherwise buy, need or use, purely on the basis of the way it is presented on the television, in the print media etc. The advertising and marketing industries try to appeal to this tendency- to seek the opinion of others, to do what everyone else is doing, to conform to social norms and standards- to their own advantage. Another example of purely external factors influencing personal decisions is seen in the concept of opinion and exit polls. The Indian government has banned the airing of exit polls on television, until all phases of voting is over, due to the fear that expected results in one region may hamper the influence the voting patterns in other regions. Similarly, opinion polls can often become opinion-generating mechanisms. Another factor that has been very effective in influencing thoughts, actions and behaviour has been religion. All over the world, various religions have encouraged people to think within preset frameworks. There are however, two sides to this coin. The unifying potential of religion has been well researched by thinkers such as Emile Durkheim who has claimed that- A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbiddenbeliefs and practices which unite in one single  moral community  all those who adhere to them.  [1]   This positive view of religion is countered by Karl Marx who refers to religion as opium for the masses i.e. something that distracts them from alienation and hardship in this life, by promising leisure and comfort in the next, thereby serving the interests of the bourgeoisie. As an intrinsic part of the society we live in, religion- whether we accept it or not- is an important factor that influences the early development of our personalities. Its morals, values and teachings are instilled in us, and even if later in life we choose to turn away, these collective values remain with us. Another crucial institution that shapes us is the education system. The issue of freedom within the classroom and its importance in the learning process has been the subject matter of many debates. It is evident that unbridled freedom in a classroom, especially when the students are young or immature will only lead to chaos and confusion. The focus will be diffused since the authority of the teacher- who enforces discipline and concentration in the class will be lost. Also, the students, who are unaware of future benefits of studying certain difficult or complex subjects, will tend to avoid them altogether. As we have all experienced ourselves, unbridled freedom in the form of no attendance constraints usually leads to high levels of absenteeism. However, it is also important to consider what would be the case in a class with absolutely no freedom at all. Where the teacher is the absolute dictator and students have no rights, and only one duty- to listen to the authoritarian teacher. Such a scenario cannot be beneficial to the overall growth of the students. Their creativity will be stifled. Not allowed to ask questions or think independently, their curious and questioning natures will be subsumed under the weight of conformity, mediocrity and obedience. Education then divorces itself from understanding and development of the personality. It reduces to merely rote learning and superficial information gathering. This will have consequences for their future where they will be unable to take any independent decisions, never having faced that prospect earlier. As earlier, the most beneficial approach lies in the middle of these two extremes. Children must be given freedom within the classroom and within the education system. But how much authority should the teacher retain and how much he/she should leave the children to make their own decisions is a difficult question to answer. A number of theories have been put forward by various authors in this regard. Pioneers in child developmental theory- Jean Piaget (1896-1980), and Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), have powerfully influenced beliefs about interacting with children, how to set up learning environments, and expectations for childrens development.  [1]   There are some similarities and differences between Piagets and Vygotskys theories and these differences influence how teachers struggle and negotiate the location of their control and the childrens freedom in child-centred classrooms. The key difference between Piagets cognitive- constructivist theory and Vygotskys social constructivist theory lies in the role each theory assigns to the individual child and the social context of play in a Childs development. Although both approaches support the idea that individuals construct knowledge, Piaget and Vygotsky viewed nature (individual) and nurture (social context) as taking different roles in this process  [2]  . From the Piagetian perspective, individuals construct a personal reality based on previous knowledge and new experiences. Knowing is therefore, an interaction between the environment and the individual. For Vygotsky, learning is an interactive and constructive activity, and both society and individuals play essential roles in learning.  [3]   Both approaches emphasize the importance of social adaptation and social interaction in childrens learning, the difference comes in determining the direction of influence, that is, whether knowledge is constructed as a result of social interaction and then internalized (the Vygotskian view), or whether knowledge is constructed by the individual as a result of experience and then refined through testing in social situations (the Piagetian view) Moreover, both approaches locate learning within a social context, but each attributes different functions to that context. For Piaget, the importance of the social context is that it provides children with a means of testing the knowledge they had constructed. For Vygotsky, the social context is both the source and the cultural repository of the learning. The classrooms guided by Piagets theory give children the greatest degree of freedom. Teachers set up a rich environment for children to explore by themselves. Teachers are observers. On the other hand the classroom applying Vygotskys theory seeks to find a balance between teacher-directed and child-initiated activities. Teachers assist children and give them challenges in order that children may attain the top level within their zone of proximal development. Two other writers who have provided valuable insights about the tension between childrens autonomy and the teachers authority in classroom teaching are John Dewey (1859- 1952) and Maria Montessori (1870-1952). Both, Deweys Experience and Education (1998) and Montessoris Absorbent Mind (1995) discuss many points about the relationship between childrens freedom and teachers roles in education. Although their ideas about education are widely considered to be child-centred, they hold divergent views about childrens freedom and the role of the teacher. In Deweys Progressive Theory, democracy is the aim of schooling. The curriculum is child-centred and is rooted in the ideas of continuity and interaction in a social context. Learning is experiencing. Teachers and children decide together what experience is meaningful to each individual students current learning needs and later development. Moreover, the experience is always a transaction taking place between the individual and the environment.  [1]   Therefore, as children develop within a school that functions like a democratic society, they learn and develop the ability to function well in the larger democratic society. Dewey (1998) believed that childrens freedom should be constructed, that it is not simply a product of their free will. He made a distinction between freedom based entirely on free will (doing whatever one wants to do) and freedom of intelligence, which is constructed from purposes that are intrinsically worthwhile, through observation and exercise of judgment in real-life situations.  [2]   Further, he believed that, Guidance given by the teacher to the exercise of the pupils intelligence is an aid to freedom, not a restriction upon it  [3]   Therefore, teachers should act as the representative and agent of the interests of the group as a whole, and should be responsible for each Childs on-going growth with the community. Moreover, Dewey indicated that the ideal aim of education is the creation of self-control. The mere removal of restriction or external control is no guarantee that children have self-control.  [1]   Maria Montessori believed that children and their proper education is the key to building a new world. Education must develop the potential abilities of children, who (she believed) are endowed with unknown powers. The role of education is therefore, to offer an orderly environment and materials which children can explore, by themselves, in order to promote their development. Montessoris educational philosophy is centred on the interaction between objects and the individual. The teacher acts as an observer to find a childs inner spirit and offers an orderly environment in which children can develop and grow. Montessori believed that the child has the power to teach herself. Children can adapt and have the ability to develop freely, which can become directly visible if their minds are not oppressed by adults who may limit the childs inner work and weigh down his spirit  [2]   She indicated that child herself must become the centre of education and should be guided by her inward mind. Therefore, the teachers task is not to talk, but to prepare and arrange a series of motives that inspire children to develop without any need of direct instruction However, Montessori did not ask teachers to completely abdicate authority. She believed that authority does not come from the adults dignity, but from the help that parents or teachers are able to give to their children. Therefore, authority consists of teachers aim to help children construct their work, without posing a threat to the childrens minds or reconstructing the childrens work.  [3]   Although Montessori suggested that teachers should refrain from either interfering with children as they are absorbed in their work or preventing childrens free expansion, she still believed that teachers should interrupt children if the children persistently annoy the others, because it means the childrens spirits or disciplines of development would unfold negatively. Therefore, the teachers should interrupt to break this negative development and guide children toward the right track These theories lead to 2 types of classrooms, with varying degrees of teacher control and childrens freedom. It would be generally expected that these ruminations on students freedom would lead to a low teacher control and high student freedom scenario. However, this is not the case. Low Teachers control, High Students Freedom Some people may assume that the progressive way of teaching should be located in this quadrant because they believe high teacher control (the application of teacher authority) may oppress children and cause unjust power relationships between teachers and children. However, it has been seen that is impossible to help children attain educational goals without the teachers guidance. Those who advocate this view must critically examine the following questions: Does teacher control have to be contradictory to childrens freedom? Does teacher control automatically oppress childrens freedom? Does teacher control prohibit childrens learning initiatives?  [1]   High Teachers control, High Students Freedom Reflected by both Piagets and Vygotskys theories. A teacher may respect and value childrens unfolding development, but he/she must also set up the expectations and goals for learning and give some guidance to children. In this kind of interaction, teacher control and Childrens freedom are not thought of as opposite to one to another; they coexist and both are highly valued in the whole process of teaching  [2]   This process of education, that gives great degree of freedom to the student, yet locates a certain degree of guidance and control with the teacher has implications for the professional domain as well. When these students grow up and enter organizations, the degree of freedom they are used to exercising and the decision-making skills that have been instilled in them through the process acquire great significance. The degree of freedom that an organization gives to its employees is also an important factor. The interaction between freedom given to employees within an organization and the degree of freedom the employees are accustomed to function under is very complex and gives rise to different types of behaviours. For example, those who are brought up through a process that involves high degree of control by parents, teachers etc. may, on finding a low control environment within the organization, be unable to function and take independent decisions, or they may end up mis-using those freedoms. Freedom within an organization has many meanings, and always involves the complex dynamics between individual freedom and the importance of meeting organizational/ professional targets. Some of these include: Freedom to have flexible work hours to accommodate family and lifestyle, while still meeting organizational goals. Freedom to come to leadership with new ideas and opposing viewpoints, while learning to trust people and letting go of absolute control. Freedom to do things differently by leveraging personal strengths to achieve goals, while still maintaining a professional, formal attitude. Freedom to leverage social media to communicate professionally and to help build brand awareness for your organization, while not devoting too much time to personal issues. Freedom to celebrate great accomplishments and milestones, while at the same time, having the freedom to say (without judgment,), I dont know or I cant handle any more or I made a mistake. Freedom to be compensated fairly, equitably, and even sometimes generously There is no debate that these, and many more such freedoms within the workplace will unleash creativity, encourage an environment of innovation, lead to relaxed and more productive employees, increase employee retention, make jobs more interesting and inspire employees to perform better. But, like in the case of implementing freedom within the education system, here too, there needs to be a delicate balance between employee freedom and organizational support and guidance. To make this possible, one of the major factors is the top leadership and their management style. Many people contend that this is exactly what makes companies like Google India, MakeMyTrip,Intel Technology,  Marriott Hotels, NetApp India the top 5 places to work in (in India). Freedom can be planned. It is the result of a designing triad consisting of the planning agents assumptions, the planning systems conditions and the opportunities and/or barriers which enhance or hinder the exercise of freedom.  [1]   Depending upon the amount of freedom and flexibility that organizations give to employees, and the qualities and skills they expect in their employees, they can be classified under 3 broad categories  [2]  : The industrial organization The Industrial Economy required the mass scaling of production and distribution. It met the requirements for the design of systems for scale, and was successful in plugging workers in to execute their specialized tasks. This type of organization is based on physical capital. Intellect, obedience and diligence are important employee characteristics. Employees have little or no decision-making freedom. The information Organization The information organization Information is used to uncover patterns, reduce the costs of production and consumption and find new solutions to vexing issues. Workers employ their intellect to solve problems relating to data. This type of organization is based on similar employee characteristics as the industrial, but gives a greater degree of freedom to its employees. The creative/learning organization  [2]   The creative organization is based on ideas and values qualities like initiative, creativity and passion. These qualities are intrinsic to employees, and when given freedom, bloom to provide a competitive advantage to the company. These assets are not physical in nature like commodities; hence the organization needs to work on retaining its highly skilled employees. Gary Hamel has given some great examples of companies that are innovating in terms of management to encourage these traits in their employees. W.L. Gore is one such example. It has made the list of Best Places to work for the past 25 years. The Great Place to Work organization noted these four aspects of W.L. Gores culture: People experience tremendous freedom at Gore: the freedom to talk with whomever they need or want to, the freedom to make comments and provide input, the freedom to bring who they are to work, and the freedom to make commitments.  [3]   To conclude, this paper tries to argue that there is no such thing as unbridled freedom. Human beings are essentially social animals and they are born within society. Society shapes and moulds human behaviour, which may also be influenced by certain intrinsic genetic predispositions of individuals. However, Institutions like Religion, Education, the state, family, friends, etc. have a huge role to play in the way we develop into adults. These may be conducive to the development of a balanced personality. However, they may sometimes be oppressive and may deter us from reaching our full potential in terms of faculties like creativity, innovation, lateral thinking etc. Further, unbridled freedom, even if it existed, is undesirable since it disconnects us from the social nature of our lives. Unbridled freedom can be destructive, chaotic and may in fact hamper the optimum developmental process, as was explained in the discussion on freedom within education earlier. The situation with high teacher control and high student freedom was found to be the best approach to bringing freedom within the classroom. Finally, the degree of freedom we are used to exercising and functioning under has a significant impact in the professional scenario- both for the employee as well as the organization. Employees must learn to handle freedom with responsibility and accountability while organizations must work on loosening bureaucratic hierarchical controls and give more freedom to make decisions to their employees.

Market With Respect To Customers And Segmentation Marketing Essay

Market With Respect To Customers And Segmentation Marketing Essay Analysis of market with respect to customers and segmentation is a fundamental process for any market offering. Several researches has been conducting on analyzing the factors on which the homogenous markets are segmented into several groups and are made heterogeneous with respect to some attributes possessed by the customers. Market segmentation is a challenge by marketers to identify group of customers with similar attributes and then target the product according to their different needs. These segments which are made as a result of market segmentation process, are then refined and one or several segments are selected to target a particular product or market offering. The process of selecting appropriate group of customers for a particular market offering is a part of planning before the product is initially launched in the market. The overall marketing efforts are the post consequences of this process or in other way these market efforts are based on attributes possessed by the customer. Each set of customers is targeted according to their attributes. Therefore it is of crucial importance for marketers to identify these attributes of customers that can be satisfied by the product offered in the market. However, after all these planning and marketing segmentation it is a common issue for marketers to indentify the actual target market for their market offering. Sometimes it is also observed that a product targeted to a particular segment is also being used by other customers that falls apart from that targeted segment. Segments are made on several characteristics like age, gender, geographic location, personality type, income group etc. It is the decision of the marketers to segment the market according to a particular or several characteristics. The ultimate goal of this process is to match the attributes of market offering to customer needs. The processes of marketing effort followed by segmentation analysis and selection are given a direction to target that particular segment and highlight the product attributes with respect to customer needs. In our research we make an attempt to study the effect of linking a market offering to a specific segment on its acceptance by another segment. During this research we have identified several products that are linked to a particular customer segment based on different characteristics. Mainly we have divided these market offerings into three sections that are: market offerings linked to a particular gender, market offerings linked to a particular age group, market offerings linked to a particular geographic location. We included these products in our survey to identify customers acceptance of a product that is linked to a particular segment by another segment that is not targeted by that product. Problem statement To study the effects of linking market offerings to specific customer segments on its acceptance by other customer segments. In this problem statement well study the effect of linking market offerings to specific customer segments as an independent variable. We will be including market offerings that are linked to a particular market segment and will study its effect by identifying the acceptance of these products by other segments. Therefore, the acceptance of market offerings that are linked to a particular segment by another segment will be dependent variable. Hypotheses For conducting this research we have created the following hypotheses: H1: Linking a market offering to a particular customer segment based on age does not have any effect on its acceptance by another segment based on age. H2: Linking a market offering to a particular customer segment based on gender does not have any effect on its acceptance by another segment based on gender. H3: Linking a market offering to a particular customer segment based on geographic location does not have any effect on its acceptance by another segment based on geographic location. Outline of the study Initially this study included the introduction to our research. In first chapter we tried to elaborate on our research topic. We discussed the issues that lead us towards our research problem. Furthermore we motioned our research problem statement along with the variables well study from our research problem. To test the variables we have formulated our hypotheses that well check in our result section. The second chapter brings about focus of research studies obtained from various research papers available. We did in depth study of around fifteen research papers related to our study and provided a brief discussion about their views regarding their respective field of study. This will provide a theoretical base for our study. The third chapter describes our research methods in detail. It will cover methods of our data collection. The sampling technique we used to collect our data from respondents, along with the sample size. Instrument of data collection that we have used and the validity and reliability of data collected from that instrument. The research model is represented in diagram and statistical technique that we have used is also discussed. The fourth section includes results of our study. This will be supported by statistical outputs of our data analysis and its interpretation to elaborate our results in theoretical terms. In the end of this section well provide hypotheses assessment summary. The fifth chapter will provide the conclusion on basis our results and discussions about it. The implications of our study on practical grounds. It will further indicate the areas of research that we can vision for further research. Definitions Market offering: any product tangible or intangible that is offered in market or customers. Market segmentation: Process of segmenting market into similar segments. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Johnson (1971) found that market segmentation studies can produce result which indicates desired marketing action. Techniques which are presentably available can (1) construct a product space (2) discover the shape of distribution of consumers idea point throughout such a space, and (3) identify likely opportunity for new and modified produce. Wendell R. Smith (1956) found in his studies that market segmentation is done by viewing different preference of different groups. Consumers with similar requirements and preferences are considered as a segment. Segmentation in this way in done in order to satisfy consumer wants. Through market segmentation marketers can identify the required marketing action. These technique help to indentify new offering that could be designed. Different offerings could be designed according to the customer requirements. These groups with different requirements are then divided into segments in order to bring in new products in the market (Johnson, 1971). Market segmentation consists of viewing a heterogeneous market (one characterized by divergent demand) as a number of smaller homogeneous markets in response to differing product preferences among important market segments. It is attributable to the desires of consumers or users for more precise satisfaction of their varying wants. As market segmentation simultaneously addresses the roles of both marketers and customers, the segmentation concept has captured the attention of many scholars and practitioners alike in the field. Accordingly, within the last few years, a number of new developments have emerged in market segmentation. Segmentation is based upon development on the demand side of market and represents a rational and more precise adjustment of product marketing effort to consumer or user requirements.(Smith 1956). Segmentation helps companies to achieve competitive advantage., as different segments leads to different outcomes. Segmentation helps marketers identify the role of consumer preferences. This segmentation is based on the demand by different consumer groups. Marketers design market offerings by evaluating difference preference of different segments so that it could satisfy their needs. Age based segmentation is done by dividing people into similar age groups. The first age group that was born 1946 and 1964 are known as baby boomers I . They are more prone to make saving and questioning authority, so marketers have to design the product that has more cost to benefit ratio plus they have to provide more information about the offering. The second age based segment is baby boomer II 1964 and 1973 these are more towards spending then savings. N-Gens and Generation X segment are the once that are born between 1977 and 1987 and age from 1984 to 1994 respectively. They are more prone to spending money then saving. They prefer using internet as mean to socialize with people they know, so marketers need to produce product that close to technology. (Bidwell) The brand extension decision is strategically critical to an organization. Though an extension is a way to exploit perhaps the most important asset owned by a business, it also risks decreasing the value of that asset. The wrong extension could create damaging associations that may be expensive, or even impossible, to change. Ries and Trout (1981). For most brand extensions, a motivating rationale is that the original brand has associations that will be helpful to the extension. The impact of a brand association, however, can be harmful to the extension. For example, the Betty Crocker attribute association might be viewed as negative if the name were used on fashion product designed to appeal to young women. Zeithaml (1988) Brand extension is of the most dangerous decision that a company make. The motivation behind brand extension is that the existing parent brand helps the new brand to acquire its place in the market. But as it get positive effects from parent brand it could also put a negative effect on the parent brand. As in case of failure or success of brand extension it some how reflects the reliability and success of an existing parent brand. Unrelated extensions are some times might be disastrous for the company. Gender identity, sometimes referred to as an individuals psychological sex, has been defined as the fundamental, existential sense of ones maleness or femaleness. (Spence, 1984) A number of researchers have attempted to relate purchases of product types or specific brands to personality traits of the purchasers. These researchers advanced the basic hypothesis that individuals who consume in a certain manner will also manifest certain common personality characteristics, leading to prediction of consumer behavior. (Grubb Grathwohl, 1967) When attempting to measure whether segmentation has succeeded or failed. It is important to clarify the notion of success. Little research has dealt directly with the question of success and failure in segmentation research. (Dibb, 1998) With many questions regarding the relationship between marketing strategy and measurable business outcomes, proved the link with particular strategic decisions. It is difficult to achieve. (Dibb, 1998) The classic illustration of bad understanding of segmentation principles comes from the following quotation from a MD which emerges from a study examining the competitiveness of British industries. The study recommended that British businesses were reasonably weak in the application of a segmentation approach: I dont know if we segment the markets, or who we really place ourselves against the opposition. I expect our advertising agency knows. I think we are almost certainly up-market, because we advertise in some very posh magazines (Doyle et al., 1986) Some business view segmentation other as a tactical trick than as a staid strategic marketing tool. In some respect it has become industrys buzz expression. The cure for anything and everything. The attraction to view segmentation as an additional of marketings goodies in a kind of bitter shop mentality may be just too huge. Advertising executives sometimes criticize that product and brand managers view endorsement as a tactical answer to short-term declines in sales. When the months figures are reduced, advertising personnel complain that the managers visit the promotions bitter shop, with a steady stream of requirements for quick-hit campaign. Segmentation is sometimes view in the same manner, used tactically to deliver short-term payback, ignoring the need for a longer-term viewpoint. For customers the outcome can be a confusing mix of conflicting marketing programmers. (Dibb, 1998) Managers responsibility segmentation analysis for the first time often state surprise at the lack of sensible guidance and step-by step approach to help. This conversation begins by reviewing the kinds of question which practitioners ask when moving out segmentation study, then examines the degree to which available guidance matches up to these supplies. The following questions, which are characteristic of those asked by practitioners responsibility segmentation for the first time, are drawn from deliberations with managers at several divisions of an industrial chemical trade. (Dibb, 1998) The repayment of following a plan for the entirety of the segmentation project is apparent. Planning encourages the location of clear objectives, so that marketers found from the start exactly what they desire to achieve from the keep fit. This also increases the chance that measures will be designed to confirm that objectives have been achieved. (Doyle et al., 1986) Like the target of any market segment, racial targeting is done by brand manager to maximize sales and income. The basic rationale after this strategy is that a variety of promotion programs (unique combination of products, publicity, pack-ages, pricing, sharing, etc.), each intended to better match the psychology and happiness of a separable section, will eventually produce more sales and income than would a single undifferentiated mar-kiting agenda, so called mass promotion.( Polly, Lee and -Whitney, 1965) Marketing segmentation is ordinary among large consumer merchandise firms and has incurred criticism only when the product itself is challenging. The central concern, therefore, is not classically with the use of event or sex as a basis for marketplace analysis and idea. Selective targeting can be benign or even helpful, but only if the product is. When the mar-kiting process is deferential and appropriately customized it may be more applicable, efficient and may provide better service and settlement to targeted segments. But if the product is unpleasant, even ad-dative and deadly, segmentations competence delivers more death and illness, not more payback, and pro-vides damage, not a service. (Polly, Lee and -Whitney, 1965) Segmentation in commerce markets should reflect the association needs of the party involved and should not be based solely on the customary consumer market loom, which is primarily the collapse method. Through use of both the collapse and the build-up approach, a more correct, in-depth, and potentially more gainful view of industrial market can be achieve (Crittenden, Crittenden, and Musky, 2002). However, evils remain concerning the practical Application and completion of B2B segmentation. Managers account that the analysis process are reasonably clear, but it is not clear how they be supposed to choose and evaluate flanked by the market segments which have been resolute. (Nude and Cheng, 2003). Much segmentation theory has been developed during the period when transactional marketing was the principal approach to marketing, rather than the more relational approaches adopted in todays service-dominated environment. Under these circumstances, the allocation of resources to achieve the designated marketing mix goals was of key importance. (Naudà © and Cheng, 2003). Evils with the segmentation literature debate with a range of market practitioners from industry as varied as industrial substance and car mechanism to distillers and nibble foods are quick to condemn the convenience and ease of use of the so-called academic writing. The use of technical and turgid speech is a particularly common disparagement, though not unique to the segmentation literature. While it is beyond the scope of this piece to conduct a complete examination of general question about the style and arrangement of academic literature, it is important to discover issues which are specific to the segmentation text. One of the most fundamental concerns is that the writing reflects a inlet between educational and practitioner needs and that academics have a research agenda which sets different kinds of priorities to those of practitioners. A second area of worry is that the literature fails to believe some of the sensible constraints faced by marketers seeking to implement segme ntation advance. (Dibb, 1998) Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection The method of data collection for this research will be Personal Surveying Technique which is highly effective for this research study. As far as the procedure is concerned for the collection of data. Firstly we will visit respondents according to the proposed sample size and ask them to solve the questionnaire for the research study. If respondents have the time they can fill the questionnaire at the moment in any other case they can fill at later time or date and the researcher can gather the questionnaire upon the set time from the respondent. 3.2 Sampling Technique Researcher proposes to use Non probability based sampling, where the researcher selects the sample based on convenience sampling, data will be mostly based on questionnaire since the researchers dont have that much time and is short of resources. 3.3 Sample size   Number of respondents for this study is 250 users for around 14 different brands which are gender, age or geography based linked. 3.4 Instrument for Data Collection   Self administered questionnaire will be used to collect data from the correspondents, which will have ample number of questions to address all the variables of the study. Various options would also be assigned to each question to measure the variables. 3.4.1 Validity and Reliability Test The validity and reliability of our data that we gathered in our study is given by the following cron-batch alpha statistical test. TABLE 3.4.1 Reliability and Validity Test Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 246 98.4 Excludeda 4 1.6 Total 250 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .769 60 Here the value of Cronbachs Alpha is 0.769 that is about 77%. This confirms that our data is 77% valid and can be consider as reliable data for this study. 3.5 Research Model Developed Figure 3.5 This model refers to our variables and the effect that we have studies in our research. 3.6 Statistical Technique We have used custom table percentage method in which we have developed combine effect of customers perception about the product designed for and who will use the product in percentage terms. CHAPTER4: RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretations of the Results Table 4.1.1 Zong Lahore Unlimited Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 3.6% 1.2% 1.6% .0% Lahore 5.2% 55.6% 18.8% .0% All pakistan .8% 4.0% 8.4% .4% Any other .0% .0% .4% .0% Table 4.1.2 Ufone-Prepaid Karachi Offer Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 58.0% 6.4% 18.8% .4% Lahore 2.8% .0% 1.6% .0% All pakistan 4.0% .4% 6.8% .0% Any other .0% .4% .4% .0% Table 4.1.3 Jazz- Karachi Bachat Offer Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 57.6% 4.8% 20.8% 1.2% Lahore 1.2% 1.2% .4% .0% All pakistan 4.0% .8% 6.8% .4% Any other .0% .4% .0% .0% 14.00 .4% .0% .0% .0% Table 4.1.4 Zong- Karachi Unlimited Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 62.0% 3.6% 17.2% .0% Lahore 1.2% .4% 1.6% .0% All pakistan 3.6% .4% 9.6% .4% Any other .0% .0% .0% .0% Table 4.1.5 Omore Karachi ka dil khusheyon se fill Custom Tables Who else can use People of Karachi People of Lahore People of Pakistan Any other Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Karachi 42.0% 2.8% 22.0% .8% Lahore .4% 2.4% .8% .0% All pakistan 2.8% 2.4% 22.0% .4% Any other .8% .0% .4% .0% The above mentioned tables are related to geographic location linked to a particular segment. As a common result we can justify that even there is a lot of variation in customers perception and acceptance but if we concentrate on where majority lies we can conclude that a product that is linked to a particular geographic location is used by the customers belonging to that location. Hence the other geographic segment does not accept the marketing offer linked to another geographic segment. Table 4.1.6 Jang- Bachon ka jang Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 18.5% 18.1% 2.8% .4% 3.2% 11-18 yrs 12.0% 19.7% 7.6% .4% 7.2% 19-26 yrs 1.6% .4% 2.8% .8% 2.4% above 26 .4% .4% .8% .4% .0% Table 4.1.7 Jang- Bachon ka jang Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 18.5% 18.1% 2.8% .4% 3.2% 11-18 yrs 12.0% 19.7% 7.6% .4% 7.2% 19-26 yrs 1.6% .4% 2.8% .8% 2.4% above 26 .4% .4% .8% .4% .0% Table 4.1.8 Djuice- its fun to be young Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 1.6% .4% .4% .0% .0% 11-18 yrs 2.8% 11.2% 14.8% .4% 5.6% 19-26 yrs .8% 22.8% 19.6% 6.0% 11.6% above 26 .0% .4% .8% .4% .4% Table 4.1.9 HBL- Young Savers Account (upto 18 years) Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages 14.00 Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 2.4% 4.4% 1.6% .0% .0% .0% 11-18 yrs 16.0% 35.2% 11.2% .8% 4.0% .4% 19-26 yrs .4% 4.0% 11.2% 2.8% 2.0% .0% above 26 .0% .4% 1.2% 1.2% .8% .0% Table 4.1.10 Dawn- Young World Custom Tables Who else can use 10 yrs or below 11-18 yrs 19-26 yrs above 26 All ages 41.00 Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for 10 yrs or below 7.6% 10.0% .4% .0% 1.6% .0% 11-18 yrs 14.0% 20.0% 13.2% 2.0% 9.6% .4% 19-26 yrs 1.2% 4.0% 6.0% 2.4% 2.4% .0% above 26 .8% .8% 1.2% .8% 1.6% .0% In this section of our instrument we presented the market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on age group. The general result of all 4 market offerings is showing that there is a significant variation in usage of product designed for a particular age by other age groups. Hence we can conclude that a market offering linked to a particular age group is accepted by other age groups. Table 4.1.11 Garnier Men Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 66.8% 4.0% 14.2% female only 3.2% 2.0% 2.4% both genders 1.2% .4% 5.7% Table 4.1.12 Jazz-Ladies Package Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 6.4% 2.8% 1.2% female only 2.8% 31.2% 29.6% both genders 3.2% 4.0% 18.8% Table 4.1.13 Gillette- The best a Man can get Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 68.1% 4.0% 10.5% female only 4.0% 2.8% 2.0% both genders 2.8% .4% 5.2% Table 4.1.13 Head and Shoulder- for Men Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 41.5% 5.6% 25.4% female only 4.8% .4% 1.2% both genders 2.8% 2.0% 16.1% Table 4.1.14 Ufone- Ladies Package Custom Tables Who else can use Male only female only both genders Table N % Table N % Table N % Designed for Male only 4.4% 3.2% 2.0% female only 3.2% 33.1% 26.2% both genders 3.6% 3.6% 20.6% In this last section we presented market offerings that are linked to a particular gender. In this it is not justifiable to give a general consensus for all the 5 products we presented. There is a different pattern of behavior that is identifies and it is with respect to the nature of the product. Hence we can conclude that for cosmetic or body care products the market offering linked to a particular gender is not used by other gender and hence not accepted. However in case of telecommunication packages, a market offering linked to a particular gender is accepted by other gender and they can use it. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary Table 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment HYPOTHESES SUMMARY ASSESMENT H1:- Market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on age does not have any effect on another customer segment based on age. With respect to age we have seen there is a lot of variation in usage of product by other age groups. H1 accepted H2:- Market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on geographic location does not have any effect on another customer segment based on geographic location. With respect to geographic location prominent behavior is that a market offering is used by same geographic location its linked to rather than other geographic locations. H2 rejected H3:- Market offering linked to a particular customer segment based on gender does not have any effect on another customer segment based on gender. In this the usage of a product by other gender is according to the nature of product however the prominent behavior suggest that the product linked to a particular gender is not used by opposite gender H3 accepted CHAPTER 5: CONLUSION, DISCUSSION, IMPLICATION AND FU

The Soliloquies of Shakespeares Hamlet - To be or not to be Soliloquy

The â€Å"To be or not to be† Soliloquy within Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   The fame of one particular soliloquy by the hero in Shakespeare’s Hamlet logically requires that special consideration be given to said speech. And such is the intent of this essay.    In â€Å"Superposed Plays† Richard A. Lanham discusses this most famous of all the soliloquies:    The King and Polonius dangle Ophelia as bait and watch. Hamlet sees this. He may even be, as W. A. Bebbington suggested, reading the â€Å"To be or not to be† speech from a book, using it, literally, as a stage prop to bemuse the spyers-on, convince them of his now-become-suicidal-madness. No one in his right mind would fault the poetry. But it is irrelevant to anything that precedes. It fools Ophelia – no difficult matter – but it should not fool us. The question is whether Hamlet will act directly or through drama? Not at all. Instead, is he going to end it in the river? I put it thus familiarly to penetrate the serious numinosity surrounding this passage. Hamlet anatomizes grievance for all time. But does he suffer these grievances? He has a complaint indeed against the King and one against Ophelia. Why not do something about them instead of meditating on suicide? (93)    Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes just how close the hero is to suicide while reciting his most famous soliloquy:      Hamlet enters, desperate enough by this time to be thinking of suicide. It seems to him that it would be such a sure way of escape from torment, just to cease existing, and he gives the famous speech on suicide that has never been worn thin by repetition. â€Å"To be, or not to be . . .† It would be easy to stop living.    To die, to sleep; No more. And by a sl... ...in, Harry. â€Å"An Explication of the Player’s Speech.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Question of Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.    Nevo, Ruth. â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html

Hannibal Barca :: essays research papers

Hannibal Barca was born in 247 B.C. in the city of Carthage, which was located in modern Tunis, or the northern tip of Africa. His father, Hamilcar Barca, was a great Carthaginian general of the army who fought in the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage, which the latter lost. At a very young age, Hamilcar made Hannibal promise â€Å"eternal hatred towards Rome† (Lendering, 1). At around age nine, Hannibal accompanied his father on an expedition to gain a hold in Spain. During this time was when Hannibal probably gained most of his military knowledge that helped him greatly later in life. When Hannibal’s father and older brother died in 229 and 226, Hannibal was elected commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army. About ten years later, Hannibal, acting on his promise to his father, attacked the city of Sagantum in Spain, which was controlled by the Romans. This attack led to the start of the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even before the war started, Hannibal knew what he was going to do. Since Carthage had no navy, there was no hope of going directly from Carthage to Italy over the Mediterranean Sea. Hannibal thought up a dangerous but ingenious plan. In order to get to Italy over land, Hannibal and his army would have to travel from Carthage-controlled Spain across the Alps and into the heart of the enemy. Hannibal left in the cold winter of 218 B.C. with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. While crossing the Alps, â€Å"Hannibal’s force suffered greatly from the elements and the hostility of the local tribesmen† (Beshara, 3). By the time they reached Italy, after only fourteen days, over 9,000 men had perished along with most of the elephants, but this number was soon replenished after 14,000 northern Gaul rebels joined Hannibal’s army. This group of 60,000 men proved superior to the Roman forces, and after at least three recorded major vic tories, the Roman senate was exasperated. An army of 80,000 Roman soldiers was sent to stop Hannibal’s army of now 50,000 once and for all. In July of 216 B.C., the Romans engaged the Carthaginians in â€Å"the neighborhood of Cannae on the Italian east coast† (Lendering, 2). Greatly outnumbered, Hannibal realized that he would have to win by strategy, and that is exactly what he did. As the two lines met, Hannibal’s cavalry gained the flanks and, moving up the sides, attacked the rear of the Roman line.

Modern Man Has Become Enslaved by Time :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Modern Man Has Become Enslaved by Time In no characteristic is existing society in the West so sharply distinguished from the earlier societies, whether of Europe or the East, than in its conception of time. To the ancient Chinese or Greek, to the Arab herdsman or Mexican peon of today, time is represented by the cyclic processes of nature, the alternation of day and night, the passage from season to season. The nomads and farmers measured and still measure their day from sunrise to sunset, and their year in terms of seedtime and harvest, of the falling leaf and the ice thawing on the lakes and rivers. The farmer worked according to the elements, the craftsman for as long as he felt it necessary to perfect his product. Time was seen as a process of natural change, and men were not concerned in its exact measurement. For this reason civilizations highly developed in other respects had the most primitive means of measuring time: the hour glass with its trickling sand or dripping water, the sun dial, useless on a dull day, and the candle or lamp whose unburnt remnant of oil or wax indicated the hours. All these devices were approximate and inexact, and were often rendered unreliable by the weather or the personal laziness of the tender. Nowhere in the ancient or mediaeval world were more than a tiny minority of men concerned with time in the terms of mathematical exactitude. Modern, western man, however, lives in a world that runs according to the mechanical and mathematical symbols of clock time. The clock dictates his movements and inhibits his actions. The clock turns time from a process of nature into a commodity that can be measured and bought and sold like soap or sultanas. And because, without some means of exact time keeping, industrial capitalism could never have developed and could not continue to exploit the workers, the clock represents an element of mechanical tyranny in the lives of modern men more potent than any individual exploiter or than any other machine. It is therefore valuable to trace the historical process by which the clock influenced the social development of modern European civilization. It is a frequent circumstance of history that a culture or civilization develops the device that will later be used for its destruction.

Greek and Roman Architecture

Running Head: Greek and Roman Architecture Greek and Roman Architecture By: Michelle Garrotters Art 101 November 2nd, 2008 Head: Greek and Roman Architecture Compare the characteristics and innovation of each Greek and Roman Architecture. The Greek and Roman architecture is very impressive for not only their time but also in our time today. The Greek architecture uses the columns in almost all of their temples. The shapes of the columns were extremely important to the Greeks. They used three different types of columns. The â€Å"Doric†, â€Å"Ionic†, and the â€Å"Corinthian†.All of these columns have a center piece that would be for displaying their Greek God(s) with what ever decorations. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is an example of â€Å"Corinthian† columns. The Temple of Poseidon is an example of â€Å"Doric† columns, and Athens is an example of â€Å"Ionic† columns. The Greeks usually built with either mud, wood, plaster, and/or stone. M ost of their buildings have not stood the test of time. Only temples made with marble or limestone these were built as objects of art honoring their different gods. These have been able to withstand the damage that time brings.The Roman architecture used mostly arches in their works. Which held more weight than the columns. Yes they used columns but only as decoration because of the weight. The Pantheon in Rome is a great example of this architecture. This building housed two kings and is one of the biggest surviving building in Rome. Romans used the same materials as the Greeks especially the Marble and Limestone. But they perfected the use of concrete, which is what most of their structures are made with. Most of the Romans buildings that are still preserved today are amphitheaters, bathhouses, aqueducts, and public housing. Unlike the Greeks theRomans did their buildings with lots of ornate on both inside and outside reflecting the â€Å"Pursuit of Pleasure† which is an es sential part of the Roman culture. In summary, Greek architecture is more rectilinear and of â€Å"post and lintel† construction. Greek buildings usually rectilinear, consisted off pediment supported by columns on a plinth for a base. Romans mastered the arch and the dome. Concrete made it possible to have more complex forms. Columns were used in both with the Greek favoring the Doric and Ionic for the cleaner lines. While the Romans preferred to use the more ornate Corinthian style columns.

Coolburst

Not change for the sake of change but for the very survival of the organization. A changing political environment, technological advancement, mission requirements, personal consideration and a host of other factors can necessitate or exact change. An organization that does not view change as something Inevitable, embracing and prepare for it, is destined to fall, marginality and eventually face extinction.Such was the case at Cloudburst Juice Company. The story of Cloudburst remains one of the most Interesting adventure In business. It begins with the CEO LULAS Rebooked attempting to combat stagnant revenues and profits. She knew something had to be done to rectify the problems. We have suggested many ways through which she can correct this problems to put Cloudburst on the map of Juice production once again.Looking forward to the future, we suggested that the CEO malting a positive attitude and have a change of mind set. Success for cloudburst will depend on her belief that Cloudbu rst can be successful once again she will have to maintain some element of renew vision and direction for the Company, a direction with a strategic business plan, only then can cloudburst emerge from its stagnation.That notwithstanding, we also discussed how she can create long term goals and use past successes to link future vision, by so doing, the top managers even at the parent Company in Chicago will be comfortable with her new ideas and commit to it It is also our suggestion that she must promote an atmosphere within the organization where ideas are valued, considered and if possible implemented, this will boost the morals of the employees instead of shooting down every idea that comes from them as observed in past Coo's attitude.She should also give the employees tools and training needed to unlocking creativity. Furthermore, it is imperative for her to bring in creative thinkers like Velvet and Jenkins by hiring new managers and employees, and training some of the old staff to be creative. She will also have to encourage intention by engaging all departments and introduce the reward system as a source of motivation.On her part, she will have to learn how to take risk which is part of business, one way to achieving this is to do what Jenkins had proposed earlier on, â€Å"Give cloudburst to everybody that steps out of the plane†. As Cloudburst look to the future with enthusiasm, it must be available everywhere and new flavors Introduced. Like we recommended earlier, aggressive advertisement will be required to put this organization where it should be, right at the top. It Is Important to emphasis that creativity thrives on playfulness, but business must be conducted professionally.To this end, management must provide time and space for play, which will provide a relaxed atmosphere for the employees. A necessary Ingredient for creatively and Innovation to grow In Cloudburst. cloudburst By mashes imperative. Not change for the sake of change but fo r the very survival of the exact change. An organization that does not view change as something inevitable, embracing and prepare for it, is destined to fail, marginality and eventually face mains one of the most interesting adventure in business.It begins with the CEO Louisa Rebooked attempting to combat stagnant revenues and profits. She knew maintain a positive attitude and have a change of mind set. Success for Cloudburst future with enthusiasm, it must be available everywhere and new flavors introduced. Organization where it should be, right at the top. It is important to emphasis that relaxed atmosphere for the employees. A necessary ingredient for creativity and innovation to grow in Cloudburst.